Evaluation Of The Minnesota Model - 1375 Words

An Evaluation of The Minnesota Model and Therapeutic Communities Ryan Pinkerton Upper Iowa University Abstract There are many substance abuse treatments for addicts to choose from specializing in drugs, alcohol, and chemical dependencies. In this paper we will be evaluating the Minnesota Model of treatment and treatment through a Therapeutic Community. There will be specifications regarding each about their different approaches, methods, and results. Although both treatments have very positive success rates for addicts, they approach the cures to addiction in very different ways. In the Introduction section there will be a brief summary of each treatment method and what their specific goals are. In the Discussion section there will be specifics regarding what patients experience during their treatment, and how the treatments cure addiction. Introduction The Minnesota Model The Minnesota Model is primarily an inpatient treatment program similar to the 12-step model of Alcoholics Anonymous. Teams of professional therapists create individualized treatment programs lasting around a month to treat chemical dependencies and promote lifelong abstinence from drugs that clients are dependent on. It can also be an outpatient treatment in the form of self-help groups, where recovering addicts meet multiple times a week to evaluate and discuss their issues with dependency or relapse. Therapeutic CommunitiesShow MoreRelatedInternship Experience1347 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Management Internship Experience Labovitz School of Business and Economics University of Minnesota Duluth Description of the Program The purpose of the internship program is to provide juniors and seniors with an opportunity to enhance and apply what they learn in their academic program while working in a health service organization. Students are pursuing a degree in business administration and are majoring in health care management. Those that enroll in the Labovitz School of BusinessRead MoreEssay on Charter Schools987 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1980s there was much debate on school reform in the United States. The charter school model was an idea for educational reconstruction. These charter schools insured the continuing improvement of schooling (Budde, 1989). In 1991, Minnesota was the first state to pass legislation to create a charter school. In 1992, Minnesota opened the doors of the first charter school in the United States (â€Å"Resources,† 2012). Since then, Charter schools have gained wide spread acceptance across the UnitedRead MoreReasons For Referral And Background Information1689 Words   |  7 PagesReasons for referral and background information Reasons for referral The referral of the client was done on the basis of evaluation and assessment by the clinical psychiatrist at the Williamsburg Mental Health Center after the school psychologist discovered that she has undergone some behavioral problems which are symptoms of depression as well as a mental illness (Asendorpf, 2003). The nature of this assessment takes a while since various steps and procedures need to be taken and to conduct variousRead MoreUnhealthy Eating1386 Words   |  6 Pagesto maintain a healthy lifestyle to live a longer life. Unhealthy eating leads to obesity in individuals, as well as chronic health issues like heart disease and strokes, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and certain kinds of cancers. The state of Minnesota is currently facing high obesity rates and this campaign will help in reducing that rate. The goal is to make millennials understand managing good nutrition, dietary intake, exercise, and being aware of your health can all lead to a positive andRead MoreS afety, Quality, And Leadership1559 Words   |  7 PagesA. Jimenez, who works in a medical-surgical nursing unit at the University of Minnesota. While working on a med-surg unit, A. Jimenez must work with other disciplines too, including providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants), pharmacy, PT, OT, respiratory, social workers, and in some cases law enforcement (personal communication, February 16, 2017). Leadership roles at the University of Minnesota med-surg unit designate a Nurse Manager to oversee scheduling, hiring, assignRead MoreThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1504 Words   |  7 Pagesnormal reward process; therefore leading to habitual behaviors, and finally addictive drugs could be capable brining on new neural process such as aversive withdrawal state. Kelley., Berridge,. (2002). One treatment for drug use from the biological model is brainwave biofeedback. It is a therapy in which the patient learns to change the brainwave activity, in order to aid stress reduction and the unhealthy impact drugs have on the nervous system. Kaiser and Scott (2007). Electrodes were placed on theRead MoreThe Importance Of The Cardiac System Of Care, The Healthcare And Evaluation Professionals From The State Of South Dakota1548 Words   |  7 PagesMidwest (Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming) through its Rural Healthcare Program. These initial investments pivot around the cardiac system of care and provide assistance to the emergency medical services (EMS) by equipping them with medical devices such as Automatic External Defibrillator’s (AED), mechanical CPR device LUCAS 2 and Simulation training support. To understand the scope of the cardiac system of care, the healthcare and evaluation professionalsRead MoreBuilding Predictive Models For Learning From Rare Class : A Comparative Study1032 Words   |  5 Pages1)After the brief overview of our research in building predictive models for learning from rare classes, the paper gives a comparative study of several anomaly detection schemes for identifying novel network intrusions. 2)In addition, intrusions very often represent sequence of events and therefore are more suitable to be addressed by some temporal data mining algorithms. Finally, misuse detection algorithms require all data to be labeled, but labeling network connections as normal or intrusive re-quiresRead MoreEvaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)1353 Words   |  6 Pagespersona. Examples of such types of responses are overreporting and underreporting. In order to control for such threats, the Validity Scales were introduced. Through the Validity Scales, a more precise score can be gathered, leading to a more concrete evaluation of test takers. There is much research either supporting or opposing such claim. It is important to note that most research isn’t broad but rather focused either in a certain setting or certain population (Porath, 2012). According to the researchRead MoreOklahoma Funded Program Case Study763 Words   |  4 Pageswell as teacher created interventions (M.Parnell, personal communication, September 12, 2016). This wide open programing among sites makes it difficult for the LTR director to gauge the effectiveness of AmeriCorps members and to provide a true evaluation of overall program success (M. Parnell, personal communication, September 26, 2016). The LRT Oklahoma AmeriCorps program served students in k-3rd grade with varying site program designs. LTR served a significant portion, geographically, of

America Outsourcing Free Essays

Outsourcing has been a subject of debate in the world’s developed countries with questions on whether it should be regulated. This follows the effect that outsourcing has had on the economies of host countries. Top in the agenda is the loss of jobs to outsourcing which has led to income inequality and joblessness in the host countries. We will write a custom essay sample on America Outsourcing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benefits of outsourcing however remain significant in these economies earning large amounts of revenue. To illustrate this facts, the case of General Electric will be used to analyze the role that outsourcing has played in the U. S economy. Impact of outsourcing on GE and their decision to have multiple outsourcing partnerships. General Electric (GE) has placed strong emphasis on expanding their business to international markets through outsourcing which has not only provided the company with huge revenues but also given it a strong command as the biggest company in the world by market specialization in 2004. Its international presence which has proved to be very powerful has given GE a competitive edge over other companies in the U.S which have not outsourced as expansively as it has. GE has benefited from the advantage of cheap human capital available to it in Asia, Mexico, India, China and other countries in which it ventured into. GE which specializes mainly in financial services, medical equipments, jet engines, plastic manufacture among others cannot at one time regret the decision to outsource to these countries as a result of the gains they have obtained. In India for example, the GE benefited from the large group of educated English speaking locals who provided inexpensive labor for the company. It is estimated that with two to four years experience a computer programmer in the US earned $62,000 while the same person earned $10,000 only in India. These reduced costs have fostered savings for the company giving it room to expand its activities even more. GE now boasts of its presence in over one hundred countries. Of the total revenue that GE earned in 2003, 45% came from the international markets which goes on to show that outsourcing has had a positive impact on the company. The company apart from benefiting in cheap labor imported materials from its home country, processed it in the subsidiaries and then sent it back to the country. The effect of this is that the production costs were reduced and the products were sold t the same price. The foreign countries also provided market for the products as well as supply of cheap and available materials. The decision for GE to have multiple outsourcing partnerships can mostly be attributed to the gains in cost cutting it was bound to benefit from such kind of arrangements. Consider that GE earns 45% of its revenue from foreign subsidiaries. This is the major reason for GE to continue outsourcing to maintain a significant flow in its revenues. As stated earlier, GE stands to obtain numerous advantages from investing in the foreign countries through outsourcing. It comes in as the nature of business to take advantage of available resources and making the maximum use of them to obtain maximum benefits. GE through outsourcing has established international partnership and it stands to gain a lot in terms of profits and reduction of costs. In the case of Mexico, the government provided for duty free import of raw materials, testing equipment, telecommunication equipments, tools and machinery. This was aimed at increasing foreign direct investment of the country which would in turn benefit from the improvement in infrastructure ad an increased job market for its citizens Warden, S. (2002: 124-133). GE was hardly affected by the income tax law which also provided for refunds on money used to export products by GE from Mexico to U.S (Vietor, 2007: 4). As a result of the huge savings made, the company advanced at a high rate establishing many plants in Mexico producing electronic motors, capacitors and lighting devices. How to cite America Outsourcing, Papers

Classical and Operant Conditioning free essay sample

How do the ideas of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning explain why someone might misuse drugs? How can these theories be applied to the treatment of substance misuse? (1500 words) Learning (conditioning) is the process that eventually leads to relative permanent change in behavior or training. Some things are innate we are born with the knowledge  but  others must be acquired actively. Thus, it is ‘an adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a particular behaviour is changed by experience. With the change of circumstances, new behaviours are learned and old ones are eradicated. Peterson McBridge (2005) believe that unlike biological theories that emphasise on the physical structure and the brain, psychological theories associate behaviour to processes that occur within the person’s mind. In his research, McMurran (1994) highlights six such behavioral theories that indicate relevance to substance misuse and dependency, two out of which are Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. He rang the bell then immediately followed it by a second stimulus know to produce salivation, such as a dried meat powder that was placed directly in the dogs mouth. The meat powder is considered to be the unconditioned stimulus or UCS, because the ability to salivate was automatic and not learned. On the flipside the salivation of the dog to the meat powder is the unconditioned response or UCR. The bell now is termed the conditioned stimulus or CS because the ability for it to elicit saliva from the dog is dependent on being paired with the meat powder. Salvation in response to just the bell is called the conditioned response or CR. He found that if you ring the bell then give the god the meat powder soon or later the dog will start to salivate just to the ring of the bell without the meat powder even present. Extinction is the process in which you lose the ability to evoke conditioned response when it no longer is followed by a unconditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, extinction could occur if Pavlov kept ringing the bell and not following it up with the meat powder. This means the dog no longer salivates in response to the bell. If Pavlov keeps ringing the bell sometimes the dog might remember about the meat powder and salivate even though no meat powder is present. This is called reconditioning. This means the rapid recovery of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS)- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairing. Let’s say Pavlov stops working with the dogs for several weeks because he is working on other research, then suddenly goes back to the dogs and rings the bell, the dogs should in theory then salivate due to a process called spontaneous recovery. This is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after an interval of time following extinction. If Pavlov was cooking something and the timer goes off making a ringing sound, the dogs most likely would salivate because of a process called stimulus generalization, or the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke conditioned responses (CR). Through the process of stimulus discrimination, or the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others, the dogs will salivate to the ring of a bell but if the door bell rand they would not salivate because they discriminate and can tell the difference between the bell and the door bell. Psychology. about. com says that classical conditioning is used in everyday life by many dog trainers helping to train people’s pets. Some techniques are also helpful in the treatment of many phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers can apply classical conditioning in the classroom by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear especially with classroom speeches. It helps to get the student relaxed instead of anxious. Operant conditioning is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes. In operant conditioning it is broken down into reinforcements and punishments. In the reinforcement part there are two reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses, and a negative reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape from their presence. An example of a positive reinforcement is when I brought home my report card in 6th grade and there were all A’s my mom and dad gave me 5 dollars for every A. The target behavior for that example would be the getting A’s and the positive reinforcement would be my parents giving me 5 dollars an A. An example of a negative reinforcement would be on a cold and dark morning your all snug and warm under your covers, and suddenly your alarm clack goes off across the room. Getting out of the warm bed is the last thing you want to do but the noise is intolerable. The target behavior is turning off the alarm, and the negative reinforcement is getting out of the warm bed in order to turn off the annoying alarm clock. The punishment section of operant conditioning is broken in half just about the same way. There is negative and positive punishment. In negative punishment, the rate if a behavior is weakened or decreased because the behavior is linked to the loss of potential reinforcements. An example of a negative punishment is in a kindergarten class a young boy lashes out and hits the teacher in the stomach with a pencil as he throws it. The teacher sentences him to 10 minutes in the time out corner. The target behavior is the lashing out and throwing the pencil. The negative punishment is the 10 minutes of isolation in the corner. In positive punishment, stimuli weaken responses that precede them. For example you are driving home from work at an excessive speed, About 25 mile per hour over the speed limit. As you go over the little hill you see a state trooper parked on the side of the highway with his radar gun pointed right at you. The next thing you know is the flashing lights are right behind you and pulling you over. You get a pretty hefty ticket for your speeding. After you pay your fine you always obey the speed limit signs. The target behavior in this example is the speeding and the positive punishment is the speeding ticket you receive for speeding. B. F. Skinner is known as the father of operant conditioning. He invented a box called the Skinner box where a rat is trapped inside with a lever. Every time the rat presses the lever it receives a food pellet. Shaping might have to be used in order to get the rat to press the lever. Shaping is a technique in which closer and closer approximations to desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement. Basically this means Skinner might have had to shock the rat’s feet when the rat started going the wrong way. That way it will remember to not go that way. When it finally presses the lever the food pellet drops and it works as a positive reinforcement because if the rat got a food pellet from pressing the lever maybe he will do in again and remember that whenever you press the lever you get rewarded with a food pellet. There are many different schedules of reinforcement you can follow. A schedule of reinforcement is rules determining when and how reinforcements will be delivered. A continuous reinforcement schedule is a schedule in which every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced. A fixed interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific interval of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. There is also variable-interval schedule which is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been emitted.

Chinese Attitudes About Death Essays - Death Customs,

Chinese Attitudes About Death Throughout the history of mankind, "death" has always been a fascination. People have always wondered about the causes of death, the aftermath of death, and whether it could be stopped. Among these people were the Chinese, who like many other people, believed there was life after death. They performed certain rituals " to help them along their way." Chinese attitudes toward death are reflected in funerary rituals, Buddhist philosophy and reverence for the deceased. Death is a very important issue to the Chinese people. The son of a family has the obligation to give his parents a proper funeral. "This includes such essential elements as; a large coffin, a funeral procession, a well-chosen gravesite, gifts and offerings to the soul of the deceased, a period of mourning, and keeping an ancestral shrine. If a Chinese son fails to follow these obligations, he has committed a serious offense against society."1 The Chinese believed in giving a proper funeral to their elders because when the elders were alive, they had shared their experiences and knowledge with the young. The Chinese followed the requirements to a proper funeral because they believed in remembering the dead, who were once close to them. They wanted to remember the dead by praying to them daily and making them offerings. The Chinese believed that there were certain rituals that were necessary for certain events. For example, during a wedding, the Chinese believed that the couple must bow to the parents and offer them tea. Only then, can the couple be happily married. Because the Chinese believe in performing certain rituals for certain events, anyone who doesn't give his parents a proper funeral would have mocked traditional beliefs. This son would be considered as a pariah in his village and looked upon as "dirty" by his neighbors. To the Chinese, being buried in a coffin was very important. Chinese people wanted to bury the dead in coffins to preserve their bodies, protect them from decaying as fast. Although the soul of the person was to move on, the Chinese wanted to save the body as a way to remember the elderly. To some people being buried in a coffin is so important that they rather spend their money on a coffin than on necessary provisions. Although burial in a coffin is preferred, cremations also take place. A cremation is when a corpse is placed on a pyre and burned to ashes. In the cities of present day China, because of the great overpopulation and lack of usable land, the government has made cremation a necessity. Cremation is also encouraged in rural areas in efforts of saving arable land for farming. Since the people living in the rural areas are farmers who can provide their own necessities and are independent of the government, they are more concerned with their traditional beliefs and practices than the concerns of the government. In the villages, peasants begin saving to buy coffins for themselves after they pass the age of sixty; which was considered the number of years a life cycle should be.2 People have claimed that if a person died before turning sixty years old, he/she was a "short-life devil." Because of this belief, the people that died before turning the age of sixty years old were not buried and left wherever the happened to "drop."3 To show how important burying the dead is, the Chinese hire elderly people who are familiar with the ancient wisdom of feng-shui, or the spirits of "the wind and water." This type of ancient art was also called geomancy. The reason why the Chinese hire elderly people is because they want someone who is experienced in the field, not someone who's new and had recently learned it from books. The Chinese believe that the more experience a person has, the more reliable is that person. The geomancer helped the dead select favorable sites for graves.4 These favorable sites not only had to be affordable to the family but had to bring good luck to the family and ensure that there will be no evil spirits haunting them. Like the traditional matchmaker, the geomancer is respected for his wisdom and experience in life. Some similarities between the jobs of the matchmaker and geomancer are those of which they both check the social statuses of their clients. The matchmaker has to make sure that he does not match a rich young lady to a poor young man, and the geomancer has to make sure that he picks a gravesite that is affordable

Brutus - Death Of Brutues Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Brutus - Death Of Brutues Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Brutus - Death Of Brutues William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king...yet I love him well.(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to climber-upward...He then unto the ladder turns his back...(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome...(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see their(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature...(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: Et tu, Brute?Then fall, Caesar.(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the back-bone of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another insurance policy for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. (act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus ...loved Rome more.(Act 3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued on without Brutus because they would have no insurance afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesar's death and most likely beheaded all the conspirators. Also, if Brutus was

18th and 19th Amendments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

18th and 19th Amendments - Research Paper Example This paper tells that both the 18th and 19th amendments to the American Constitution and their implementation history show such a complex path of rising and fall. The 18th amendment, that came into effect between 1920 and 1933, prohibited manufacture, selling and transportation of alcohol in the country. The 19th amendment was ratified in 1920, which made constitutional the right of every citizen to cast vote in elections without being discriminated on the basis of race or gender. The alcohol prohibition amendment had to be later repealed as there was â€Å"widespread abuses of†¦(the)†¦ law†. But the 19th amendment stood the test of time and despite the attempts to legally contest it, the amendment was endorsed by Supreme Court as part of the Constitution. The 18th amendment had become a historical necessity because of the poverty and economic backwardness that grew in the society, as associated with drinking. In the first century and half of the colonial rule in Ame rica, drinking was considered quite a normal entertainment activity. Though drunkenness was considered as a vice, the blame always went to the drinker, not to those who manufactured or sold alcohol. But slowly, people came to understand the real nature of alcohol that is addictive and unhealthy. Thus alcohol came to be identified with poverty, breakage of peace in the family and also in the social fabric as well. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the formation of temperance societies which campaigned against alcoholism. Though by 1916, 23 states enacted prohibition laws, it was the 18th amendment, passed in 1920, that applied prohibition to the whole of the nation. The major drawback of this legislation which eventually led to its repeal (owing to being ineffective), was that it only prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor, while possession, consumption or home production were not banned. The amendment had given a one year relaxation period to clear the exist ing stocks but this omission further weakened the legislation.

Saudi Airline Served Donkey Meat Research Paper

Saudi Airline Served Donkey Meat - Research Paper Example It has been revealed by many sources that Saudi Airline had been serving donkey meat during their flights in the past few months. 2. Reality Behind the Incident 2.1 Ignored Warnings from a Local Body In the month of June 2011, several sources reported that Saudi Airline had been serving donkey meat to their customers as a result of negligence to the warnings given by concerned authorities. A senior inspector at the Saudi Airlines supply department said that the airlines had received many warnings from Saudi Arabia’s General Food and Drugs Authority about their imports from Tunisia since the respective country was suffering from contagious diseases among their cattle (â€Å"Donkey meat on Saudi Arabian airline?†). The warnings also included aspects about the common sale of donkey and horse meat in the Arab country but the Saudi Airlines management did not pay attention to any of these warnings and reports. The senior inspector further said that these warnings made the ai rline stop importing meat from Tunisia when it had already been served to their customers for nearly a month. However, Chusid stated that the donkey meat was being served as beef and it continued for more than a single month. Alongside the possibility of it being donkey meat, the presence of diseased meat in Tunisia also did not alarm the authorities to stop the supply of the meat on an urgent basis. He stated that one of the reasons for such a late reaction can be the low price for which the meat was being bought. One factor that may have led to the lowering price of the meat was that the meat was near its expiration dates. Therefore, it can be stated that low priced meat was preferred by the management irrespective of the animal it came from. Lesser expense on the purchase of food might have increased their revenues but can certainly cause a crash in their customer loyalty. 2.2 Unexpected Behavior from a 3-Star Airline Saudi Airlines is a 3-Star airline (â€Å"The World’s 3-Star Airlines†). As per the standards of SkyTrax that has been set to provide rating for different airlines, 3-Star airlines provide â€Å"satisfactory standard† of mission critical services in numerous travel categories†. Food is one of the most important categories in the rating of any airline. Donkey meat is not expected to be served by any airline and definitely not from a 3-Star one as it is expected to meet certain criteria. Customers avail the services of airlines on the basis of their ratings; such irresponsible and appalling behavior from a 3-Star airline makes the customers doubt the credibility of the ratings, along with the respective airline. Chusid stated that it could not be known from the reporting of the local newspapers if it was served to the business class, the economy class or both. 2.3 Prohibition to Eat Donkey Meat in the Country’s Religion Saudi Airlines is owned by Muslims and is considered to be flag carrier airline of a Muslim c ountry, Saudi Arabia. Muslims follow the religion of Islam; Islam has allowed some foods, whereas some types of foods are forbidden for its followers. Donkey meat is considered to be forbidden to be eaten by Muslims (â€Å"The Fiqh of Halal and Haram Animals†). Their Holy Book of Quran states that these animals are designated for being ridden on, not for consumption. The usage of a forbidden meat in an airline of Muslim origin