Role of NSPCC in School Crisis Intervention - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 988 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Sociology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Children Essay School Essay Did you like this example? The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is a program that lobbies governments on child welfare issues. It as well creates a campaign with the aim of publicizing child protection issues. It helps school children, teenagers, and families. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role of NSPCC in School Crisis Intervention" essay for you Create order The NSPCC gathers in-depth information on children and their families (Finkelhor 2009). The purpose of this information is to be able to identify a childs needs and know whether those needs are met. Gathered information also enables the experts in the NSPCC to analyze the nature of a childs risks, and establish the level of risk that the child is exposed to. With the information, the NSPCC can make informed decisions on whether or not to support a childs family and to come up with measures to eliminate the problem, especially if the family is the cause of the problem(Finkelhor 2009). NSPCC plays a significant role in safeguarding children in school. The practitioners in the program help children understand healthy and safe relationships. They also encourage children to speak out their problems with trusted friends, teachers or counselors. NSPCC also trains school staff and equips them with skills to tell or spot a disturbed child(Finkelhor 2009). Teachers and other school staff are trained so that they can be able to detect signs of abuse in children. As they visit schools, they help children understand and recognize all forms of child abuse both at home and school. They also teach children to know how to protect themselves from these forms of violence and abuse. Children are also encouraged to call for help, ask for guidance and notify NSPCC through child line services whenever they are troubled. To be able to intervene in a childs crisis, the social workers, who are members of NSPCC, assess the crisis. During this assessment, they get to know the childs needs and also to determine whether the needs are met at the family level or not. They also analyze the nature of the risk, and how big the risk is. After identifying and establishing the level of the threat, they come up with crisis intervention measures. Social workers will use the crisis intervention theory to intervene(Bryman 2016). According to this theory, a social worker, who in this case is a member of NSPCC, should first identify a crisis. Secondly, the worker must be able to discover the nature of that particular problem. It is vital that the social worker establishes the risk level, to be able to know how affected the child is, and what level of danger to which the child is exposed. During child crisis intervention, NSPCC analyzes the coping ability of a child. More attention is given to a child that is poor at cop ing with problems(Bryman 2016). The family, with the help of a social worker, can also help in enabling the child to develop coping skills. The role of NSPCC to prevent child crisis as well as to offer interventions in case the child is already in a crisis. They protect children and teenagers from problems and also help them be able to cope with crisis and overcome such challenging situations. The NSPCC trains teachers and parents on crisis intervention approaches and techniques, to help in case the crisis relapsed. The main aim is to be able to keep the child protected at whichever cost(Bryman 2016). The child is the most important and is a priority to the NSPCC. They aim to achieve a world where the childs needs are met, and the childs safety is prioritized. If the problem is to be eliminated, the intervention should start from the family to friends and the individual. The family has to be part of the intervention program. Theoretical knowledge reinforces perspectives of supporting the family, child, and education constructively. Crisis intervention theory equips social workers with expertise that helps them understand situations and come up with best solutions to those problems. Knowledge in crisis intervention enables the NSPCC social workers to put themselves in the shoes of the child or the family and propose solutions that would help them recover best(Roberts 2012). Knowledge of crisis intervention theory enables NSPCC members to be able to understand that one has to be patient for the outcome to be desirable. Positive results may not be visible immediately, as expected. Their priority is to increase stabilization. To summarize the above, theoretical knowledge is essential if a social worker is to be able to stabilize the individual and his family, enable understanding, facilitate adaptive coping skills and restore functioning(Bryman 2016). Application of sociological theories in cases that involve children have led to successful interventions. NSPCC uses such theories to establish the cause of a crisis. In most cases, child crisis originates from the families. Strains and crisis in families can be extended to the child, and affect the education of a child. A crisis cannot be resolved until the cause has been established. A crisis that originates from school can also be well solved with the application of sociological theories such as the crisis intervention theory (Roberts 2012). Bullying, which can be the cause of a students crisis can be resolved through understanding the reasons behind the bullying. Theoretical knowledge enables social workers working with NSPCC to apply their expertise and experience in addressing not only the child-related issues but also family and school-related issues. References BAILEY, R. (2011).Letting children be children: report of an independent review of the commercialisation and sexualisation of childhood. London, TSO BRYMAN, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press CHALL, L. P. (1953). Sociological abstracts. [San Diego, etc.], [Sociological Abstracts]. FINKELHOR, D. (2009).Childrens exposure to violence: a comprehensive national survey. Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. GREAT BRITAIN. (2012). Children first: the child protection system in England : fourth report of session 2012-13. Vol. 2, Vol. 2. London, Stationery Office. ROBERTS, H. (2012). What works in reducing inequalities in child health. Bristol, Policy Press.

Fair Value Accounting And Intangible Assets - 2641 Words

Fair Value Accounting and Intangible Assets The considerable debate on the advantages and disadvantages of moving towards a full mark to market accounting system for financial institutions has been triggered by the move of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to make changes in this direction as part of an attempt to globalize accounting standards. Both fair value accounting and historical cost accounting have their advantages and drawbacks and therefore it is hard to conclude which system is superior to the other. Within the accounting systems, the valuation of intangible assets has been a constant source of attention by the board as well. This essay summarizes the superiority of fair value accounting in measuring value of certain assets and liabilities including intangible assets in light of the IASB discussion paper released recently. According to Rodrà ­guez-Pà ©rez et al (2011) the debate between the choice of Fair value and Historical cost accounting essentially takes root from the debate of relevance and reliability. The IASB Framework defines relevancy as when information â€Å"influences the economic decisions of users by helping them evaluate past, present or future events or confirming, or correcting, their past evaluations.†Reliability as defined by the IASB framework is when information is faithfully represented, prudent, it contains substance over form, it is neutral, and complete. Even though bothShow MoreRelatedAccounting Analysis of Worley Parsons1656 Words   |  7 PagesAccounting Analysis, including: ï‚ · an analysis of the company’s accounting policies that are likely to affect interpretation of its financial reports (at least 3 policies) ï‚ · a comparison to those of a competitor in the same industry. The estimates and underlying assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making judgments. WORLEYPARSONS WorleyParsons uses several estimatesRead MoreSimilarities and Differences of Igaap and Us Gaap - Intangible Assets656 Words   |  3 PagesThe world possesses two main accounting systems: United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) and International Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (iGAAP). As the acronym simply states, US GAAP are the guiding principles for the United States and iGAAP are principles used by other countries internationally. Across both systems are similarities in language, procedures and reporting but some of the differences are so major that it keeps a consistent debate on which systemRead MoreA Case Lease For Finance Lease1499 Words   |  6 Pageslease because it reflects the relevant requirement in AASB117-Leases for finance lease. AASB 117 define finance lease as a lease that transfers substantially all the risk and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Some indicators for a lease to be classified as finance lease are: fai r value, non-cancellability, contingent rent, transfer of ownership, bargain purchase option, lease term, economic life, and minimum lease payments (AASB 117 par 10-11). In this case, we can see that some of the indicatorsRead MoreDiscuss the Difficulties Relating to the Recognition and Measurement of Intangibles Generally and of Brands in Particular.1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasurement of intangibles generally and of brands in particular. Refer to the example in Enigma plc in your discussion. According to IAS 38, an intangible asset defines as â€Å"an identifiable, non-monetary asset without physical substance† including brand, computer software, patents and copyrights. As this typical asset has no physical substance, it is really difficult to recognize and measure it. This essay mainly aims to explain the difficulties to recognize and measure generally intangible assets especiallyRead MoreWhat Is Meant Be the Term â€Å"Intangible Asset?†1352 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is meant be the term â€Å"intangible asset?† Intangible assets are defined as identifiable non-monetary assets that cannot not be seen, touched or physically measured, which are created through time and/or effort and that are identifiable as a separate asset. Corporate intellectual property (items such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, business methodologies), goodwill and brand recognition are all common intangible assets in today’s marketplace. Intangible assets have 3 critical attributesRead MoreIntangible Assets Quiz Questions 1001 Words   |  5 PagesFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 260 INTANGIBLE ASSETS QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. List two assets which would not meet the ‘identifiable’ aspect of the definition of an intangible asset. (2 Marks) Goodwill Customer loyalty 2. Intangible assets acquired via a separate acquisition are always recognised. Why? (2 Marks) The price an entity pays to acquire an intangible asset will reflect expectations about future economic benefits of the will flow to the company. This meets the probability test to identify an asset. 3.Read MoreEssay on Volkswagen Adopt IAS1158 Words   |  5 Pages2013 [International Accounting and financial statement] Case 2 â€Å"Volkswagen Group† Questions and Answers 1. Based on the information provided in the chapter, describe the basic features of German accounting at the time Volkswagen adopted IAS. What development factors cause these features? APPUNTI DA FARE IAS compliant In 2001 first consolidated financial statement All mandatory requirements fulfilled IAS 12 and IAS 39 already fulfilled in 2000 financials Clear and fair view of net financialRead MoreIntangible Assets Quiz Questions ANS Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ADVANCED FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 260 INTANGIBLE ASSETS QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. List two assets which would not meet the ‘identifiable’ aspect of the definition of an intangible asset. (2 Marks) Answer: Goodwill and Knowledge. These items are either not separable from the company or do not meet the definition of an asset because the benefits they represent cannot be controlled by the entity. 2. Intangible assets acquired via a separate acquisition are always recognised. Why? (2 Marks) The probabilityRead MoreIas / Ifrs Vs Us Gaap1275 Words   |  6 PagesIAS 38 is an accounting standard regarding intangible assets. It supplies accounting rules for intangible assets that are purchased, acquired in a business combination, and internally generated. According to Investopedia, intangible assets are nonmonetary assets without a physical presence, that have useful lives greater than one year. This type of asset is held for use in the production of goods or services, for rental to others, or administrative purposes. Examples of intangible assets include trademarksRead MoreJohnson Johnson And Johnson1159 Words   |  5 Pagesthe largest health care companies in the world is Johnson Johnson. They now have over 128,000 employees and more than 250 operational subsidiaries located in 60 countries around the world. Johnson Johnson has more than $132.6 billion in total assets. Johnson Johnson’s headquarters, however, is still located in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Jo hnson Johnson research, develop, manufacture, as well as sell health care products all over the world. (Johnson Johnson) Johnson Johnson’s operations

Analysis of Financial Performance of Ji Hi Fi

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of Financial Performance of Ji Hi Fi. Answer: Introduction Financial management is most important consideration for every organisation and shall be managed in most appropriate manner. Financial management includes preparation, presentation and analysis of financial statements of the organisation. In this report, discussion related to cash flow statement of JB HI FI has been undertaken. Cash flow statement presents flow of cash of the organisation during reporting period. In this report, analysis of cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities of JB HI FI has been conducted. Cash Flow Analysis Cash flow statement of the business is one of the most important financial statements since it reflects inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents of business organisation. Investors are always keen to analyse cash flow statement as they are interested in identifying cash management efficiency. Cash flow analysis can be done using cash flow statement prepared for the reporting period (Statements, 2012). Cash flow statement contains three main components in it and they are; cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities and cash flow from financing activities. Following are brief introduction of these activities: Operating activities- This section covers cash flow in primary business operations or activities undertaken during the reporting period. It includes business operation expenses, sales revenue, debtor and creditor management, etc. Investing Activities- Under this section, cash flow is measured in terms of cash and cash equivalents invested by JB HI FI Company in investment opportunities. It includes capital expenditure, capital recepts and interest received on investment. Financing Activities- This section covers information related to cash and cash equivalents used in financing the business operations. It includes debt and equity transactions undertaken by business organisation during the year (Treloar, 2003). Following statement reflects three years (June 2014 to June 2016) analysis of cash flow of JB HI FI: Activities 2014 2015 2016 % change in 2015 % change in 2016 Operating Activities 41,326 179,896 185,140 335.31 % 2.92 % Investing Activities (38,240) (44,370) (52,001) 16.03 % 17.20 % Financing Activities (27,609) (129,640) (130,565) 369.56 % (200.71 %) Net Increase / Decrease in cash (24,523) 5,886 2,574 (124.00 %) (56.27 %) Cash and cash equivalent in beginning 67,368 43,445 49,131 (35.51 %) 13.09 % Exchange rate difference 600 (200) 179 (133.33 %) (189.50 %) Cash and cash equivalent at the end 43,445 49,131 51,884 13.09 % 5.60 % Analysis From the above statement it can be analysed that JB HI FI has maintained adequate cash flows from its business operations during the reporting period. It can be analysed that receipt from customers of JB HI FI has been drastically changed. During 2015, their revenue has been increased by 335.31 % and in 2016 there is increase in 2.92 %. During 2015 and 2016 their payment to supplier has been maintained. On the other hand another reason for lower cash from operating activities is higher tax expenses during 2014. In 2015 and 2016, there is reduction in tax expenses as compared to 2014. On the other hand, cash flow from investing activities has shows negative results in all three years (2014 to 2016). Main reason for negative cash flow from investing activities is purchase of plant and equipments (capital expenditure). From the above statement, it can be analysed that JB HI FI has made more investment purchasing more capital assets for business. So this negative cash from investing activities can be seen as positive move in terms of expanding business operations. During all three years of analysis (2014 to 2016), JB HI FI has also sold some its capital assets but they have generated very less amount from the sale of capital assets (Saravanan, 2013). It can be analysed from cash from financing activities of JB HI FI, that during 2014 they had issues shares and some securities and generate cash from the same. On the other hand, in 2014 JB HI FI has also taken some debt from the market or financial institutions. From the analysis, it is analysed that JB HI FI has paid dividends at higher rates during all the three years. In 2016, maximum dividends have been paid to shareholders. It can be observed that JB HI FI, has maintained interest of stakeholders by spending more on dividends and attracted many investors to invest more. During all three years, JB HI FI has brought back some of its shares which has been core reason for negative cash flow from financing activities (Miao et al., 2016). Assessment of Other, Relevant Information Retained earnings: Relevant information includes level of retained earnings of JB HI FI that had maintained during all three years. Retained earnings are those accumulated which is reserved to be used in business expansion activities. Therefore it is important aspect in terms of financial strength of JB HI FI. It can observe that during all three reporting period they had maintained adequate level of retained earnings that has made them financially strong. During 2015, JB HI FI has used retained earnings for their business activity (Berrington and Bhandari, 2012). But at the end of 2016, they had maintained adequate level of same. Earnings per share: Information that has attracted investors in JB HI FI is its level of earnings per share. From the analysis of income statement of period under consideration, JB HI FI has maintained adequate level of earnings per share. In 2014, 2015 and 2016 their EPS is $ 128.39, 137.91 and 152.76 respectively. It can be analyse that there is increasing trend in EPS of JB HI FI and this can be deciding factors for investors and other stakeholders in terms of decision making (Pedler, 2007). Conclusion From the above analysis of JB HI FI from its financial statements it can be concluded that they are financially strong. This can be observed from better results in terms of cash from operating activities that shows operational efficiency of JB HI FI. There are some concern matters for JB HI FI during all three years also like decline cash from financing activities. Other information like EPS and level of retained earnings has shown financial strength of JB HI FI. Therefore it can be concluded that JB HI FI has shown great improvement during 2015 and 2016 as compared to 2014. References Berrington, M., Bhandari, V. (2012). Pinnacle financial statements. IFRS System. Miao, B., Teoh, S. H., Zhu, Z. (2016). Limited attention, statement of cash flow disclosure, and the valuation of accruals. Review of Accounting Studies , 473 - 515. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T. (2007). FM in Investment. Journal of Financial Management , 205-215. Saravanan, P. (2013, October 22). Positive cash flow crucial to survival of a company. Financial Express . Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. Statements, F. (2012, 12). Financial Statements. Review of Income and Wealth . Treloar, D. (2003). Financial Management and its Tools. Sydney: Gourmet Hall.

Something free essay sample

Despite my parents’ objections, I read Stephen King’s novels The Shining and Carrie when I was in junior high. The books terrified me; nevertheless, I couldn’t put them down. 6. We skimmed the chapter, looked quickly at the tables and charts, realized we didn’t know enough to pass the exam and began to panic. 7. After ears of saving his money, my brother bought a used car and then his problems started. 8. I discovered last week that my neighbors, whose friendship I had always treasured, intend to sue me. 9. Late yesterday afternoon, I realized that Dan was lying and had driven my car without permission. 10. Although it can be annoying and frustrating, forgetting things usually isn’t an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease, as many people think. 11. â€Å"Going to New York,† Maria said, â€Å"was like walking onto a movie set. † 12. The long, pretentious report, used on May 11, 2004, neither analyzed the problem adequately, nor proposed reasonable solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Something or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 13. By going to a party alone, a single person stands a better chance of meeting someone and of having a good time. 14. Janet and Sandy, her younger sister, run three miles each day even in the winter. 15. Al pleader, â€Å"Let me borrow your notes and I’ll never ask for anything again, I promise. 16. Mumbling under his breath, the man picked over the tomatoes and cucumbers in the market’s produce department. 17. All too often these days, people assume that a bank statement is correct and that there’s no need to open the envelope, and examine the statement closely. 18. In the last two seconds of the game, the quarterback sized the ball and plunged across the goal line, scoring the game’s winning point. 19. After the uprising was quelled, numerous dissidents were imprisoned but an unknown number remained at large, waiting for the right moment to stage a revolution. 20. Our psychology professor, who has and active, clinical practice, talked about the pressures and rewards of being in a helping profession. Journal #2 In David Crystal’s â€Å"2b or Not 2b,† he discusses and claims text messaging can prove literacy and reading comprehension. He also feels that text messaging is only a form of abbreviations, which we have been doing for many years. David Crystal â€Å"is a professor at the University of Wales and is known for his work in English language studies and linguistics† (Crystal 335). With Crystal’s educational background, it’s safe to say that he is a well-educated man. I find it difficult to comprehend his idea of how text messaging can actually improve reading comprehension because of his educational background. Crystal’s claim is completely false, seeing how text messaging is slang anyways, being beneficial towards reading and comprehension is nowhere relatable. Also, text messaging makes English teachers job more difficult, it’s a catalyst for poor writing skills, and weakens reading abilities. Text messaging is the act of typing and sending a brief, electronic message between two or more mobile phones. Texting is like highly concentrated soda, being watered down. Without text messaging, the stronger literary skills are. With text messaging, the weaker the literary skills are. Basically, texting is weakening students writing abilities. Not only does texting weaken students writing skills, it also weakens students reading abilities. Reading and writing go hand in hand, failing to know one aspect negatively affects the other, which is why it is important to thrive in both. Text messaging is here, and it is here to stay, for many years to come. Crystal, David. â€Å"2b or Not 2b. † They Say I Say. Eds. Graff, Birkenstein, and Durst. New York: W. W. Norton, 2012. 335

buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay

buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay The two parties in this case are Arizona School Tuition Organization versus Winn-Post Decision. The Arizona taxpayers criticized the constitution of Arizonas tuition tax in the federal court at the district level. The criticism was because the constitution humiliated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as it channeled money towards the private institutions that are religious but the case was given a dump and was dismissed (Shapiro, 2011). It was during the appealing that the United States court of appeal inverted case that the taxpayers stood firm in bringing forth their suit and had alleged through the establishment of the clause claim. The facts about it all were that someone who is taxpayer does not lay a stand to a foundation to seek for relief in the federal court. The assertion of the taxpayer forms a stand upon the unjustification in politics and economic matters. This case holds the facts that the Arizona taxpayers opposed the constitution that allowed for the tuition tax credit in the federal district court system (Shapiro, 2011). This was because it acted as a violator of the establishment clause of the first amendment. The program alleged of being corrupt, especially in funneling money to fund the private religious schools. The district court had to dismiss case it was during the time of appealing that the appeal court in the U.S inverted case. The legal issues held by case was about the state not holding the right to oppose a state tax credit- having an argument that the credit was against the subsidizes religious schools to violate the establishment clause just for the reason of being taxed. In that case, the respondents suit does not lie in the narrow exception to law against the taxpayer having a stand in the established flast versus Cohen, supra. The federal taxpayers had afirm stand to criticize the federal statute issuing a common treasury funding in assisting and boosting the inter alia the purchase of the religious school textbooks (Shapiro, 2011). There were to be a firm stand under the flast taxpayers that it was a must to have a link that was logic between the plaintiffs taxpayers status and the legislative enactment that was attacked, a nexus between the taxpayer and the precise nature and nurture of the constitution infringement The court had to take a stand in the federal jurisdiction. The suit was that the plaintiff must have a stand by sufficiently alleging an injury coming from the defendants against the rule of law. The courts take was that, taxpayer cannot oppose the excessive and illegal spending by the state (Shapiro, 2011). The Supreme Court identified the minimal exception to the rule in the flast versus cohen. The opinion according to Justice Kennedy was that the Arizona was to provide credits of the tax as a donation to the religious school. The Arizona Supreme Court rejected the clause establishment on the benefit of the intervention from the federal judiciary. The court was to outline that parties in search of relief must indicate their stand under the article 111 of the constitution, and the parties should be determined in the merits in the federal court. Some plaintiffs might practically show a stand based on the unswerving damage of what is considered religion establishment like a mandatory prayer in the public school classroom (Shapiro, 2011). In the majority opinions, Justice Kennedy delivered the opinion that the court held a vote of about five that the taxpayers did not have enough of Artivle111 standing to challenge the proposed scheduled program. In addition, since there was the lack of article 111, the court could not reach to appoint of questioning whether the program was to violate the establishment of the clause or not. It was after this opinion that other justices seconded his opinion. Among them were; chief Justice Roberts, Justice Scalia, Thomas, Alito, Ginsburg and Stomayor. The opinion by the justice Robert was considered more controversial and original. The opinion was that case had to be heard by the four justices before it could be presented to the courts docket, as this strengthened the function of the Supreme Courts in interpreting and applying American law. At the end, it was to reshape the court (Shapiro, 2011). The general significance of this particular case is that, despite the agreement that the Supreme Court decisions are not fungible, it is not obvious that there is a significant satisfaction to the judicial behavior has to be provided. When it comes to politics, legality and historical significance are distinguished and politically important variables based on the factor analyzing case choices of at least 15 authorities. The techniques used to find out the significant cases are analyzed critically and evaluated by having a proper comparison of their results to the list of political importance. The descriptive virtue of the new measure is found in the proportion of the significant cases by term. They also recognize opinions and their prediction, which are replica in the revision of the models and propositions analyzing the real judicial behavior. In conclusion, I support the Supreme Courts ruling .this is because the ruling favors the majority. From the opinions given, the majority accepts the ruling. The ruling of the Supreme Court is of great advantage as it protects and promotes the rights of the majority. People have their freedom and there is no violation of the rights and freedom of the citizens. Buy custom Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn essay

52 Effective Social Media Post Ideas and Examples to Fill Your Calendar

52 Effective Social Media Post Ideas and Examples to Fill Your Calendar For a marketer, theres nothing worse than struggling with a creative block. When youre pressed to create on a deadline, but you just cant think of something original to post, or an original concept for your next campaign, its easy to fall into despair. In fact, thats probably why youre here. Its okay though. We all need some inspiration now and then to help us shake off the rust and get back to creating awesome stuff. If that sounds like something you need, scope out this enormous list of social media post ideas. Theres inspiration here to cover every social network, too. So, no matter where your audience is most active, youre sure to find something you havent shown them before. 52 Effective Social Media Post Ideas and Examples to Fill Your Calendar via @But First, Here Are Some Free Social Media Resources If youre going to succeed on social media, you need the right tools. These freebies will help you do something with the inspiration youll get from this post: Social Media Calendar Template: Plan all your posts ahead of time. How Often to Post On Social Media Infographic: Learn exactly how to map out your posting schedule. Social Media Strategy Checklist: Build out a comprehensive strategy for your social media content. Not Sure Which Social Media Network to Choose? Before posting to any social network, it's worth considering how each one is used. Here's a quick reference sheet: How Do You Actually Put These Ideas Into Practice? If you're searching for social media ideas, you might be experiencing a few different problems: Lack of creative inspiration. Sometimes, you just don't feel like you have anything kicking around in your head. Constant fire drills to find content to share. You might also be scrambling day-to-day to find enough content to share. Content that isn't getting results. In this case, it might be time to try something you haven't thought of before. Sound relatable? Keep these solutions in mind: Plan Ahead With a Social Media Calendar The best way to keep social media posts organized is on a calendar. In fact, that's why we've included a free calendar template in this post. Here are some of the benefits of using a calendar: They give your team full visibility into your social media schedule. They make it easier to plan posts ahead of time. And make sure you're posting at the best times. They make it possible to plan content + social promotion in one place. No more switching between tabs and tools to map out your publishing schedule. Recommended Reading: How to Effectively Organize Your Social Media Editorial Calendar (Free Template) Plan Cohesive Campaigns The best way to drive a message home is to build a complete campaign. Oftentimes, brands struggle to keep up with their social posting schedule because they're too reliant on one-off posts. This makes staying organized difficult. Plus, it's tough to always be writing posts on the fly without much thought ahead of time. So, plan campaigns. These can be around: Campaigns to promote events. A series of posts promoting a single piece of content. A string of branded posts carrying a consistent message or hashtag. Recommended Reading: 24 Creative Social Media Campaign Examples to Boost Your Inspiration Schedule Ad Hoc Posts In addition to your planned campaigns, mix in some ad hoc posts. These are spontaneous one-off posts that aren't necessarily connected to a broader campaign, but still reinforce your overall brand message. Leaving some flexibility in your schedule makes it easier to react to trending topics and hashtags, which you can capitalize on for added brand exposure. With these three tips and all of the following ideas, you should have no trouble staying inspired and keeping your posting schedule ful. And Now, 52 Content Ideas For Businesses to Post on Social Media There's an endless possibility of content to share on social media. But these are the types of content that your audience will appreciate. 1. Your Company's Blog Posts Does your business have a blog? The best way to get your blog  seen is to share it on your own social media platforms. You know it's relevant to your business because  it came from your business.   Be sure the content you're writing for your business blog is valuable and will connect with your audience. The best way to do this is by writing actionable content such as "How to" posts. Recommended Reading: The Ultimate Blog Writing Process to Create Killer Posts 2.  Posts Showing Your Company's Culture What better way to showcase your business then by sharing a culture post? A culture post is an image or article that highlights what your business is all about. It could be a behind-the-scenes image of your employees doing something quirky or an article about how your business does something a certain way. 3. Industry News In raw numbers, news articles get more social shares than any other type of article. Most businesses that produce content are focusing on deep long form content rather than as-it-happens breaking news. Create a list of news sources in your industry. This could include trade publications or websites. Then, find those sources on Twitter and follow them. When they share something interesting, retweet it to your followers (or share it on another social network, like Facebook or Google+). 4. Curated Content Content curation is simply sharing the content of others in your niche. Sometimes the things you want to share with your audience have already been written. So rather than spending the time crafting an in-depth post, you can quickly share one that's already been written (by giving them credit of course.) At , we use our handy-dandy Chrome Extension tool to help with our content curation. Here's an example of a post we shared from Kissmetrics: Recommended Reading: How to Schedule Your Social Media Content Curation for Massive Growth 5. Question Posts Not everything you share on social media  has  to be a blog post or article.  Get your audience talking and engaging with one another by asking a burning question. For example, you could ask "What sort of content should I blog about next?" It's the best way to know what your audience  really  wants to read. Asking a fun question or creating a Twitter poll is a good way to get your audiences' insights. 6. Product/Company Videos Visuals are eye-catching when your audience is  scrolling through their news feed. It’s been proven time and time again that visuals help improve engagement, but what about videos? Research shows that videos have a 135% greater organic reach compared to photos. That’s a crazy high number. Take advantage of this organic reach opportunity by sharing videos about your company or a new product you have. 7. Customer Reviews And Testimonials Does your company have dedicated fans!? Let their voices be heard and share their thoughts on your social media. You can do this by retweeting their kind words or creating a graphic with their testimonial directly on it. Don't forget to include their name/handle! 8. Quick Tips And Advice Aside from sharing an entire 'How to" post giving in-depth tips and advice, you can share a few tips that you think are the MOST important. Sharing a simple tidbit is an easy way to share valuable information with your audience. Here at , we call them "Pro Tips." 9. Memes or GIFs Aside from sharing images to your social media, you can use memes and GIFs when publishing your content. This adds a fun spin to your plain post and will be too irresistible for your audience to scroll past. â€Å"GIFs are a great way to showcase your brand’s personality, stay trendy, and have fun† -HeyOrca. Memes and GIFs are becoming extremely popular among top companies.  At , we’ve recently started using memes and GIFs on Twitter and have found that they receive far more likes and retweets than regular images.Just remember to keep the meme or GIF relevant to your company and audience! 10. Contest Posts Encouraging people to participate in a social media contest  that is related to your brand will boost engagement with those who  are already followers and can help you increase subscribers by requiring those that don’t follow or like your page yet to do so in order to participate. Be clear about your objectives and exactly how you want your audience to participate for the best outcome. Define easy, simple rules before you launch your contest. 11. Holiday Posts No matter where you live, holidays are a big deal. Show your holiday spirit by sharing a holiday-related post on your business page. Whether it be an image, video or article your audience will appreciate that your business has real people that also get excited about holidays! Starbucks is known for getting exceptionally excited during Christmas season: 12. Photos From Company Events We discussed sharing culture posts that showcase your company's personality, but you can take that a step further by sharing photos from a company event. If your business hosts a charity event or fundraiser, a great way to spread awareness is by sharing it on social media. 13.  Post An Answer To A Commonly Asked Question Are you receiving the same question over and over again from your audience? Instead of constantly responding to this question one by one, solve it once and for all by sharing a post with the answer. Make sure to "pin" the answer to the top of your social media page so that your audience can easily see it. Here's how to pin posts on Facebook and on Twitter. 14. Share Infographics Infographics are a fantastic way to show a step-by-step guide, especially on Pinterest. (Hello! DIY) Infographics allow you to share  a ton of information with the use of visuals. They make boring statistics look appealing! Whether it be your own or a curated infographic, your audience will be drawn to the visual aspect and be sure to keep reading. Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Social Media Images the Easy Way (+84 Free Images) 15.  Start A Conversation With A Leader In Your Industry Cross-promote yourself by getting your name out there, the best way to do this is to start a conversation with somebody in your niche. Twitter is a great way to start up a conversation that your audience will see. Find an industry leader's Twitter handle and make the first move! This presentation from Jay Baer explains the importance of connecting with influencers (and how to find them): 16.  Links To Free Resources Who doesn't love free stuff!? Whether it be ebooks, white papers, or other downloadable content, your audience will appreciate the free resources. Put together a content bundle, or a downloadable infographic so your audience can use it for reference. (Psst! You can get all of our bundles for FREE here!) 17.  Podcast Episodes Sometimes reading content can be time-consuming, so give your audience's eyes a break and share a podcast episode. Or even better, start your own! We recently started our own podcast  and have had great success with it! We cover topics and challenges our audience faces. If you decide to start your own podcast, check out this post to help get you started. Recommended Reading: How to Start a Podcast (Authentic Advice from Someone Who's Done It) 18. New Job Listings Is your team expanding? Let your audience know! Who better to work for your company than a dedicated fan who's watched your company grow? Or maybe they have a friend who would be interested in working for you. Be sure to list what positions are open like Built Visible does in this example: 19.  Hiring Announcements And New Team Members After posting your job listing, you're likely going to find the right candidate.  Once you've found the right candidate(s), take it a step further and show them off to your audience! Let everyone know that you're excited to have them be part of your team 🠤â€". 20. "On This Day In History" Posts The Huffington Post shares "on this day in history" articles everyday. Take this approach and use it in your own social media strategy. Find something interesting that happened in your town or city and let your audience know! You can also share "National Day" posts. Check out NationalCalendarDay.com to find things like National Coffee Day (and tons of other days you probably never knew existed), and create some posts for ones relevant to that day. 21. Event Promotion If an event happens and nobody hears about it, did it really happen? You can create an Event Page on Facebook to make your event feel more personable to your audience. Then promote the heck out of it on your social media channels! 22. Live Videos Live videos have become huuuuge on social media  recently. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram AND Snapchat have options for going live. Find the right platform that works best for you and where you will get the most views from your audience. Try to make it a weekly video. For instance "Tip Tuesday" or "Fun Fact Friday." This way your audience will be sure to tune in on those days. 23. Promote Email Sign-Ups If you want your audience to attend a webinar or demo (surprise!) you'll need to let them know by promoting the sign-up link on social media. Promote signup forms for webinars, demos, email newsletters, and so forth. 24. Image Scrambles You'll have your audience scratching their heads in no time when you post image scrambles. Image scrambles can be  posts where an image is scrambled up or zoomed in so your audience has to guess what it is. This is a great way to get engagement from your audience. What is this a picture of? Answer: It's an orange crayon! Recommended Reading: The 6 Types of Social Media Content That Will Give You the Greatest Value 25. Inspirational Quotes Okay, I know. Inspirational quotes can be  cheesy, but if done correctly they can be effective. At , we use quotes from industry leaders that we know our audience will relate too. Find quotes from leaders in your industry or testimonials from your audience  that will resonate with your target audience. 26. Company Accomplishments Believe it or not, your audience cares about you and they want to see you succeed. Share your successes with them on social media and celebrate together! Whether it be  awards you've won, reaching a certain number of customers, etc. let your audience know! 27. Host A Twitter Chat What is a Twitter chat?  It’s a conversation around one unique hashtag. This hashtag allows you to follow the discussion and participate in it. Twitter chats are usually recurring and on specific topics to regularly connect people with these interests. When hosting your own: Decide on a clear and brief hashtag that represents your brand. Choose a day and time that you can consistently hold Twitter chats. Come up with an appropriate topic and questions. Plan and promote your chat via Twitter. 28. Ask For Customer Feedback Not sure how your audience will respond to a new feature, event, or your next post? Find out how they will respond  before it happens by getting customer feedback. "Would you be interested in a social media event?" "Would you like if we created a custom label feature?" "Would you like if we wrote a blog post about email marketing?" You can even do this via Twitter poll to get your answer. 29. How-To Videos Aside from going live, you can create simple and short how-to videos explaining how a feature or tool works. These videos will give your audience an inside look and make them more likely to try out your tool after seeing how it works. Recommended Reading: How to Get Started With Twitter Video Marketing How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way How to Make a Video Content Marketing Strategy to Boost Your New Series 30. Product Reviews User reviews are proven sales drivers, and something the majority of customers will want to see before deciding to make a purchase. Many people read online reviews before deciding to buy something (I'm guilty of this too!) This is a great tactic if you're working in e-commerce. Try sharing reviews of products you carry. Or, you could review a tool that your company uses or integrates with to help drive sales. 31. Images Or Videos Of Your Product The best way to show how something works is through visual representations. You would never buy a car without test-driving it first, just like you wouldn't buy an online tool or product without seeing how it works first. Give your audience a firsthand look at how your product works, and maybe even throw in a cool tip they might not know if they didn't see the image or video. 32. Twitter QA Sessions Sure you could do a Twitter chat, but your topic has to be relevant PLUS there's a great deal of planning involved. By simply hosting a Twitter QA session, this allows your audience to ask a variety of questions. Your audience can finally get their burning questions answered and you can interact with your audience in a new way. Check out this post  from Passion Digital on how to host a QA session. 33. Spotify Playlists If you want to share music or whole playlists with friends, posting a Spotify playlist is the way to go.  Sharing music with friends is a time-honored way to discover new bands, talk over your music tastes, and learn a bit more about the bands that you love. Spotify has fun and useful playlist sharing features. You or a friend can build a playlist packed with your own music or music you’ve discovered through Spotify’s massive music library, and you have the option of sharing that playlist directly with others by passing around the playlist URL or Spotify link. Let your audience know what you're listening to and get them inspired! Get your audience pumped! Share a @Spotify playlist and let the world know what your office is...34. User-Generated Content We know you have super fans out there! Don't be afraid to show them off by posting fan-worthy content. Here at we send out 'swag' to those that grab our attention on social media or leave killer product reviews. Those people often share pictures of themselves decked out in our swag, and it's so awesome to see! I LOVE my new swag. Thanks, @! #happybirthdaytome pic.twitter.com/JNkXCvhs41 Amanda Huggett (@AmandaHuggett) October 10, 2016 If a fan shares anything noteworthy about your company, give it a share! 35. Posts Showing Off Your Company History Has your company been around longer than microwave popcorn? Then you have some history to share! It's always fun to see how far a business has come and where they started. Sharing a quick tidbit or piece of history is sure to intrigue your viewers. At , we are a start-up company, which means we're constantly changing and evolving (and even getting a new space!) New office decor arrived at @today!Thanks @jnhartford 😊 pic.twitter.com/UpvrgfznpH Ashton Hauff (@ashtonhauff) March 23, 2017 36. Company News Announcements Speaking of sharing your  history and getting a new space, let your audience be in the loop! Getting a new space? Launching a new product? Just have big news in general? What better way to get the word out than by sharing the news with the people who care. Make it fun and make it big! Get your audience as hyped about the news as you are. 37. Create a Regular Series Here's a great way to use live video on social media: create a weekly series or show. There are a few ways you can do this: Use a traditional talk show format. Have a guest each week. Paste does this well, hosting musicians in their studio to perform on Facebook Live: div class="fb-video" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/PasteMusicAndDaytrotter/videos/10156378216834529/" data-width="770" data-show-text="true"blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/PasteMusicAndDaytrotter/videos/10156378216834529/" class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"a href="https://www.facebook.com/PasteMusicAndDaytrotter/videos/10156378216834529/"Rainbow Kitten Surprise live at Paste Studio NYC/apWatch Rainbow Kitten Surprise live at Paste Studio NYC!/pPosted by a href="https://www.facebook.com/PasteMusicAndDaytrotter/"Paste Music amp; Daytrotter/a on Wednesday, April 11, 2018/blockquote/div 38. Repurpose Blog Graphics Creating new visual content for every social media post can be resource-intensive. So, why not create blog graphics with social sharing in mind? To do this, create versions of your blog graphics correctly proportioned for your chosen social network: Then, create social media posts (or even entire campaigns) around those posts, reusing their inline graphics: 39. Share How-To Videos Social media is great for sharing quick videos showing people how to get something done. Here's a fun example from the DIY Network: 40. Share Your Company's Financial Earnings For large publically traded companies, your followers might be interested in knowing how you're performing financially. So, consider creating an engaging GIF or video to accompany your earnings page on your website, or a blog post announcing your quarterly earnings. Here's an example from Home Depot: 41. Share a Case Study On One of Your Customers Do you have a customer that you know has had success (thanks to your company or product)? Get them involved in a case study! Then, share it on social media: 42. Share a Survey Check out this example from Case Study Buddy: 43. Promote a New Product or Event Here's another example from Case Study Buddy: 44. Share a Fill-In-The-Blank Post Asking your audience to finish a sentence can be fun, and it definitely encourages engagement. Think something like this: "What's your favorite ___________________?" "Fill in the blank: my favorite thing about [YOUR BRAND] is [ANSWER]". "When I need to [SOLVE PROBLEM], I use [PRODUCT/TACTIC]". Get creative with it, and see what you can come up with. 45. Share a Statistic This tweet from the Twitter accounts shares a snippet about Starbuck's marketing strategy that people might not have known: 46. Reshare Your Top Performing Posts You don't always have to reinvent the wheel. If a post did well once, what's to say it won't do well again? In fact, according to research from , there's data backing up the idea that it might even do better the second time around: The easiest way to identify top performing posts and automatically reshare it is with . Use social analytics to discover your best-performing posts: Then, use ReQueue to create an intelligent queue of social posts to reshare automatically:47. Promote Your Partners Add some positivity to your audience's feed, and shout out a company you work with that's killing it out there. Wow, what a lovely post to read. Thank you @Sally_Newm for nominating me and for everything you said. I honestly appreciate it so so much. Thanks @rustybrick for pulling all these together, it is a lovely idea and really shows how much our industry value each other. https://t.co/ir9nazs4kD - Samantha Noble (@SamJaneNoble) April 30, 2018 48. Share Some Interesting Industry Research In a lot of industries, having the latest knowledge and research is key to maintaining a competitive advantage. Tap into that by sharing stats and snippets of industry research reports, either ones you've created yourself, or ones you've curated around the web. 49. Use Paper.li to Share News Roundups Ever since Storify closed its doors, marketers have been searching for a replacement. Paper.li is a great stand-in, making it possible to create custom social media-driven online newspapers. By creating an account, you can curate content from different social media networks, and present it all in one place. Here's a look at how it works: 50. Preview a New Product or Event Everyone loves being first to see new stuff. By consistently sharing previews of new products or features, your audience will know to go to your social channels to find your latest developments. This example from NAMM, a major musical instrument expo, uses a GIF to promote an exclusive events: Have you always wanted to attend #SummerNAMM? Heres your chance! The Make Music Experience – an all-day, all-access pass for the prosumer audience to trial the latest music and pro audio gear from top manufacturers. Buy your tickets ($10 advance) here: https://t.co/V13CQfEXNf pic.twitter.com/MirrnacX9M NAMMShow (@NAMMShow) April 4, 2018 51. Get Creative With Emojis Love them or hate them, emojis can add fun and flash to your social media posts. Make sure you're using them appropriately, and in conjunction with other guidelines, by following this infographic: 52. Give Away Something Free Who doesn't like free stuff? By offering your audience an incentive to take action to get a freebie, you can drive some strong engagement, and help promote your products. Here's an example from PlayStation. In exchange for pre-ordering a game, fans can get a free customized theme for their console, which the video demonstrates: Pre-order the Spyro Reignited Trilogy and snag this dynamic theme for your PS4! pic.twitter.com/D8tGAsqoS5 PlayStation (@PlayStation) April 12, 2018 What Will You Post On Social Media? Phew! That was quite the list we ran through. Hopefully, you can implement these tactics into your own social media strategy, but those aren't all the things you can share with your audience. Do you have something you like to share on social media? Let us know down in the comments!

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in Essay

Vicale Had Propelled His Business above Other Potential Competitors in the Market - Essay Example The studies represented by the case study are descriptive and survey studies. In study data retrieved from the research is used to make conclusions and decision-making purposes on the report. From the case study, Vicale’s hobby was transformed into a business that rapidly grew due to the research he carried out on the modern day action figures. The constant demand for action figures from friends and visitors to his office, and with the research he conducted on the internet increased his urgency to start the business. Exploratory research conducted enabled him to evaluate the potential market for his goods. He was able to compare his product to the products available in the market. He found that his products were unique and easy to manufacture compared to other products. The competitive advantage Vicale had propelled his business above other potential competitors in the market. His products were modern day heroes compared to the conventional fictional heroes in supernatural sto ries. Their uniqueness enables Vicale to have a competitive product for his e-commerce business (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). The first step is the identification of the business idea to be researched. The creation of action figures was Vicale’s hobby and he had made some for himself before friends urged him to make more. The research question thus arises on the clientele that would buy the product produced by Vicale. Vicale decided to search the internet as his first source of information due to its accessibility. From the internet, he discovered that many companies were in the market producing similar products. The difference was the end product and the technology used. The action figures produced by Vicale were easy to produce because the action figure heads were fitted on a uniform body. He later expanded his sample size by taking his research to the market. In the market, he found that most of the toys in stores were action figures. The action figures had a high market compared to other toys on the market and they could suit both genders. Implementation of his findings is the final step in Vical e’s research where he evaluates his findings and implements (Cooper & Schindler, 2010).

Examining current reverse logistics trends Research Paper - 1

Examining current reverse logistics trends - Research Paper Example Based on these activities, reverse logistics can be divided based on whether the reverse flow encompasses product or packaging. A product could be in the reverse flow due to a number of reasons such as refurbishment, remanufacture or because the client returned it. Packaging is a reverse logistics activity because it flows back because of the regulations restrictions on product disposal. Both product and packaging may be reused or landfilled, but if they are to be utilized again, the two may experience a mixed bag of distinctive methodologies (Rogers, & Tibben†Lembke, 2001). Reverse logistics is of great importance to a company because of a number of reasons. First, it permits a trader to get items back from the buyer or send unsold stock once again to the manufacturer to be disassembled, sorted, reassembled or reused; minimizing general expenses for an association. Second, it enhances consumer loyalty and devotion by considering defective merchandise, and repairs of stock. Reverse logistics can incorporate seeking feedback from consumers to make upgrades and to enhance the comprehension of genuine purposes behind item returns. Thirdly, it may lead to gains in an organization. Expanding rate of production, diminishing expenses (transportation, managerial, repair and maintenance), holding clients by enhancing the quality of products are some of the gains an organization can accrue. The topic of examining the current trends of reverse logistics also incorporates some of the analysis methodologies that organizations apply today. A key methodology is the inventory control analysis that aims at ensuring that the supply chain of the company is optimized. Inventory control ensures that inventory management ensures random discount in pricing, minimum purchase requirements and random return (Alinovi, Bottani, & Montanari, 2012).

Cultural Differences In Education Essay Example for Free

Cultural Differences In Education Essay It has been a widely known fact that the cultures differ in their educational goals and there is major difference in this respect when Asian and American cultures are taken into consideration. However there are several positives and negatives in both form of cultures in terms of cultural difference in education but at the same time it could be stated that each culture can learn the positive aspect from the other to proceed towards the betterment of the generations to come. The topic would be evaluated and analyzed with explicit connections back to writings of Ho in Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development in your paper. Since family is such a basic and vital social unit in all societies, persons of all political persuasions have at-times visceral opinions about what things promote the institution and what forces degrade it. In the United States, conservatives and liberals view family very differently. In extended families, more than two generations of the same kinship line lived together, either in the same residence or in nearby dwellings as mostly in Asian family structure. All adults in these extended families shared responsibility for child-rearing which is distinctly different from the Western method. This important social change would have profound effects on how children were raised. In their book Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development Greenfield and Cooking mention that â€Å"the key fact about human culture is its intergenerational transmission through the socialization process. Socialization is used in the broadest sense to include informal education in the family as well as formal education†. (Greenfield, 1994) According to David Y F Ho in his text Cognitive Socialization in Confucian heritage cultures he mentions that family and community subjects are part of the curriculum. The kids know that we are all different. These same youngsters also know we are all alike in other ways. In today’s society the American people represent many different cultures. Each one has its own viewpoint, traditions, values and political ideas. The challenge is to cement them all together as one. The multicultural education system is the way to go. Not only does it educate the children. The kids go home and pass the information on to their parents and other siblings. Also the teacher learns as the lesson is delivered. Thus, all of society begins to learn about each others, each other. Culture can be defined as the way a particular group of people, live their lives at a certain time. The question we are waiting for is what can Asian and American cultures learn from another? American Civilization is basically a multi cultural objective that has the essence of freedom and opportunity. There are multi strata perspectives of history and history without these layers becomes meaningless academic foliage. These layers of history could be defined as perspective and perceptions related to politics, economic, sociology, cultural and religious. Without the intervention or analysis of these subjects and subsequent incorporation and investigation in accordance to these subjects history would be wrongly incepted. Thus the streamline of education in this regard stands in a midpoint where the system demands an open format to enable maximum space available. This is where Asian culture of philosophy and self development can excel and help the overall perspective of the American education and thereby influence the way of life in the positive aspects. On the other hand it can be said that the Asian perspective of like and attitude towards education appears to be some what rigid and outdated. In this context the implementation of American system of education would certainly be beneficial for the future generations to come. So it can be said that it is eastern philosophy for the Americans and the American system for the Asians and thus a confluence would be formed that would be beneficial for all. However in the modern world the perception and goal of education and its purpose is guided by a large number of variables and can be termed as heavily accountable to the society as a whole. One such variable can be enumerated as the financial factor that is involved in the comparatively higher strata of education system. Standers are set and limitations are imposed regarding the social, economical and financial variables. To precede the higher range of education a subject needs the accumulation of finance. The subject needs to incorporate it in the respective educational institution that has other obligations too like lodgings and such other detailed expenses. For the accumulation of this finance, therefore, the subject must work out a method like part time job which would simultaneously curb away valuable study time and energy. Thus the end purpose of education would be lost by a margin in the process. Moreover there are family obligation whereby an individual is forced to provide for the family in terms of both economics and social quality timings. This also depletes the purpose or end goal of education where it becomes difficult to pursue the availability of education in the first place. (Lamb, 2004) However, the norms of the society are high and difficult to achieve but one must achieve it at the end by formulating the individual priorities in accordance to his or her needs. It should be understood that the education or knowledge is a power in certain senses and to achieve this power one needs to pay a price. This price may be in form of economy or social obligations like devoting time for the family. The idea of education a tool of power has been recognized down the ages. At the time of slavery in the United States slaves were barred from education. This helped their owners to operate them in a better and effective manner as the slaves were unable to conceptualize the actual situation and outcome in a proper manner. More so they were not able to estimate the brighter opportunities of tomorrow thereby were locked in the pothole of slavery. This was just one example how education develops the human mind or being deprived of education depletes it. If this example is taken into account and exercised in practical ways of the modern world the same would stand to be true as the motive of education is to yield awareness and awareness can be utilize into harvesting success. However it should be noted that the main concern is the individual and it is up to the individual who would be responsible in the end to formulate an individual time and energy management process. The society does have its share of obligations but the achievement of an individual must sort a way out beyond limitations. Nothing should be considered as a free meal in this existence of modern world and it is determination of an individual that would be instrumental in achieving the target in the end. All in all it can be stated that the end purpose of education is to prepare a person to deal with all seen and unseen problems and overcome them. References: Greenfield, Patricia M Cocking Rodney edited; 1994; Cross-Cultural Roots of Minority Child Development; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers; Hillsdale, New Jersey Hove, UK Lamb, Davis; 2004; Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust.

He Must and Shall Appear Essays -- God Religion Religious Bible Essays

He Must and Shall Appear The theophany is a central focus in the Old Testament. Theophany is a Greek term, meaning â€Å"Appearance of God†. Because God is transcendent and above all things spiritually, He needed to reveal Himself to His creation physically in various ways. God would appear before men of His choosing in order to bless them and have His will be done on Earth. A major theophany takes place with Abram in the book of Genesis. At this time, he is successful but has no children. The Lord told him, â€Å"’Look up at the heavens and count the stars – if indeed, you can count them.’ Then he said to him, ‘So shall your offspring be.’ (Genesis 15:5).† Abram wanted assurance that his descendants would take possession of the land, so God instructed him to bring certain animals and cut them in halves opposite each other. When the darkness loomed over the earth, God revealed Himself in flames of glory. â€Å"A smoking firepot with a blazing torch appeared and passed through the pieces (Genesis 15:17).† Abram was still without a son and decided to produce a child with his wife’s maidservant, Hagar. While he felt that this would satisfy God, he later realized that he was wrong, as their son Ishmael would become the father of the Arabs. The angel of the Lord was correct in ascertaining that the nation of Ishmael would produce great quarrels; centuries later, a prophet would come and devise a revolting religion designed to undermine God’s will on earth (salvation through the Son), while achieving the schemes of his political agenda. We saw proof that this is not what God wanted, so He established a covenant with Abram. Not only did He change his name to â€Å"Abraham† but also assured him that his descendents would be numer... ...m and bless him, for it’s through this man that the Son of Man would become the Lamb of God. The Lord appeared to Moses to use him to achieve a great goal: breaking the chains of slavery and entering the Promised Land, also a symbolic revelation of the Son breaking the chains of sin and offering eternal life in the Promised Land. Elijah was the great instrument of God who showed the Baals the power and might of God. Because Israel and Judah were being disobedient, He commissioned prophets to warn these kingdoms to change their ways or face punishment. Each and every theophany was unique and served the purpose of fulfilling the Lord’s will on Earth through people God has chosen and blessed. Works Cited: McKay, John. A History of Western Society. 7th ed. Massachusetts: Houghton Miflin, 2003. NIV Study Bible. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002.

Psychological Theories

Psychological Theory Psych525 Psychological Theory This paper examines how a person’s cultural ethnocentric perspective causes them to react to a person from another culture based on the behavior/social cognitive theory. For the purposes of description, this presentation will explore both Irish and Japanese ethnocentric perspectives and how they relate to one another using the behavior/social cognitive theory. Ethnocentricity Before continuing on to describe Irish and Japanese cultural interaction, there needs to be clear understanding of what is meant by ethnocentric perspectives. According to Segall, Dasen, Berry, & Poortinga (1999) an ethnocentric perspective is the belief that a person’s culture is the center of all. The other part of an ethnocentric perspective is that it promotes postive feelings of self while creating negative thought patterns about others (Segall et al, 1999). Behavior/Social Cognitive Theory This theory was built upon the theory that behavior is a learned response primarily learned through social environment (Cervone & Pervin, 2010). Social-cognitive theorists also believe that a person’s cognitive functions allow for growth beyond the initial environmental contributors (Cervone & Pervin, 2010). A person’s culture represents their primary social environment and therefore is the predominant contributor to their personality development. This cultural awareness, or ethnocentric perspective, provides a framework of thought that affects a person’s future development. Behavior Cognitive theory presents points such as; avoiding conflicting stimuli and attempting to meet equilibrium state by means of using their cognitive elements. Cognitive elements are elements such as; values, beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes (Awa & Nwuche, 2010). The social aspect of this theory delineates the thoughts that evaluation of such experiences occur in context with uses past experiences. In addition, the social aspect of the theory helps to explain how as social beings we work as â€Å"information processing machines† (Landau et al, 2010). By the use of this combination of theories, we are able to explain and evaluate in a deeper way two very distinctive cultures. The Irish and the Japanese cultures are two cultures so deeply rooted, their culture serves as a means for further understanding cultural dynamics. Irish Ethnocentric Perspective Ireland’s culture is wrapped around its loss of freedom and loss of self after colonization by England (Howard, 2009). Ireland is a predominately Catholic nation while the colonizing English were Protestant causing considerable tensions towards England (Howard, 2009). The Irish view their nation as one of culture and peace in comparison with England’s militarism (Howard, 2009). The colonization by England, as with many other nations, resulted in a loss of language (Howard, 2009). A movement that picked up speed during the 1970’s allowed Ireland to regain its language (Pinter, 2010). The Irish also view themselves as Celtic, a subset of â€Å"white† (Chan, 2006). This racial identity was important because the English viewed them as something less evolved or refined (Chan, 2006). Irish pride is seen in the fight to regain their religion, their language and their national identity and independence from the English (Pinter, 2010). Japanese Even though it could be argued that ethnocentric bias mostly affects those countries that are diversely populated, Japan can be an exception. Japan is known typically to be composed of a homogeneous population. Japanese culture is known to isolate themselves politically and socially from outsiders. â€Å"Gaijin† is a term usually used in Japan to describe outsiders or an out-group. Prior to the 1860’s, the Tokugawa Shoguns adopted a policy enforcing the seclusion of their people. This policy restricted the contact between the Japanese society and people from the outside (Neuliep et al, 2001). A century has passed by, and most of the Japanese culture still maintains that seclusion mentality towards out-groups. The Japanese culture is an example of how even the most developed county can posses such ethnocentric biases. The Japanese culture is not willing to assimilate out-groups into their society. This perception goes as far as to treating Koreans who were raised in Japan, and speak the Japanese language as â€Å"Gaijin† or outsiders. The Koreans raised in Japan must undergo the discrimination and the prejudice (Neuliep et al, 2001). Conclusion References Awa, H. O. , & Nwuche, C. A. (2010). Cognitive Consistency in Purchase Behaviour: Theoretical & Empirical Analyses. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(1), 44-54. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cervone, D. , & Pervin, L. A. (2010). Personality: Theory and research (11th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Chan, S. (2006). ‘Kiss My Royal Irish Ass. ‘ Contesting identity: Visual culture, gender, whiteness and diaspora. Journal of Gender Studies, 15(1), 1-17. doi:10. 1080/09589230500486850 Howard, B. (2009). In Sunlight and in Shadow. Sewanee Review, 117(4), 665. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Maclaran, P. , & Stevens, L. (2009). Magners man: Irish cider, representations of masculinity and the ‘Burning Celtic Soul. ’. Irish Marketing Review, 20(2), 77-88. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Neuliep, J. W. , Chaudoir, M. , & McCroskey, J. C. (2001). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Ethnocentrism Among Japanese and United States College Students. Communication Research Reports, 18(2), 137-146. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Pinter, M. (2010). English or Irish? Cultural nationalist ideology in late 19th century Ireland. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, Series IV: Philology & Cultural Studies, 3(52), 233-242. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Segall, M. H. , Dasen, P. R. , Berry, J. W. , & Poortinga, Y. H. (1999). Human behavior in global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology (2nd ed. ). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson. Smyth, G. (2004). Ireland unplugged: the roots of Irish folk/trad. (Con)Fusion. Irish Studies Review, 12(1), 87-97. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Sturgeon, S. (2006). Maria Edgeworth, William Carleton, and the Battle for the Spirit of Ireland. Irish Studies Review, 14(4), 431-445. doi:10. 1080/09670880600984400

Explore the behavioral and humanistic theory Essay

INTRODUCTION This project, emphasis is on the behavioral theory and humanistic theory. My research constructed chiefly on two behavioral theorists Burrhus Fredric Skinner and John Broadus Watson and two humanistic theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. In behavioral theory, the founder of psychological behaviorism, John Watson believed that internal thinking process could not be observed; therefore, psychologists should not focus on it. An American psychologist, Burrhus Fredric Skinner social philosopher behaviorist, inventor, and author, developed the theory of Operant conditioning believed we learn new behavior through traditional or operant conditioning and all behavior is learnt from the environment. One of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology was Abraham Maslow; he established the hierarchy levels of needs and believed that by achieving the needs in the correct order would allow individuals to become self-actualized. However, Carl Rogers a psychologist and father of Client–centered theory felt that in addition to Maslow’s hierarchical needs, in order for someone to achieve self-actualization they need to be in a positive environment. Which would provide them with, approval, understanding and authenticity, and if one were deprive of such nourishment in an environment, healthy personalities and relationships would be unable to blossom. Humanistic Theory Emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which interprets into â€Å"you†, and â€Å"your† opinion of â€Å"your† experiences. This assessment claims that you are permitted to select your own performance, rather than responding to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Such as matters dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and needs are vital, the chief focus is to enable personal development. There are two major theorists associated with this view Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers feels that each individual functions from an exceptional frame of reference in terms of building self-regard or his or her self-concept. As we know, self-concept is one’s own belief about one’s self. Such beliefs stem, in part, from the perception of unconditional positive affection which occurs when individuals, (especially parents), exhibit unconditional love, and  conditional positive affection happens when that love appears only when cert ain conditions are met. Rogers’s theory states that psychologically healthy people enjoy life to the fullest; hence, they are seen as fully functioning individuals. Carl believed that, along with Maslow’s hierarchical needs a loving, respectable, and truthful environment has a big part to play in developing a person, and without such commodities in the environment; healthy personalities and relationships would not be able to grow. Nevertheless, Abraham Maslow developed his theory not by studying mentally ill patients, (which is where much psychological knowledge derived from), but by studying healthy, productive, creative individuals lives and careers. Maslow felt that individuals have definite needs that must be met in a hierarchical fashion, from the lowest to highest. These comprise f basic needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, achievement needs, and ultimately, self-actualization, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the needs must be achieve in order. For example, one would be incapable of fulfilling their safety needs if their physiological needs are not met. This theory founded upon the knowledge that everyone has the prospective to contribute to the social order and be a respectable person if his or her needs are attained. Psychotherapy Humanistic psychology introduced in the 1950’s as a movement to bring psychology to an understanding of what it means to be a person. The theory took psychology beyond unconscious thoughts, beliefs or behavioral responses to stimuli, to a process of understanding free will, feelings, ethics and relationships with others. Humanistic psychotherapy was initially promoted as a â€Å"third force† in psychotherapy. Humanistic theory seems to provide both the therapist and client the opportunity to focus on what the client is doing right, as well as the challenges that he or she may face. Given the emphasis on emotional genuineness, humanistic psychotherapists place a great deal of importance on the therapist  ¬client relationship. One could argue that humanistic theory cannot be taken seriously because it is intent on blending the medical and scientific along with philosophy and subjectivity. Yet, if the APA affirms that, the theory’s focus is â€Å"on people’s capacity to make rational choices and develop to their maximum potential† (APA.org), it  is difficult to determine if the critics of the theory have a valid case. Nevrtheless, added methodologies also identify the significance on the therapist  ¬client relationship, viewing the relationship mainly as a means of providing the treatment. In humanistic therapy, the relationship is the treatment. The Major Concepts of Humanistic Theory Humanism came about as a reaction to the theories of psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Humanists felt that focusing on unconscious thoughts in psychoanalysis ignored the thoughts humans were having and the experiences they caused. Unlike behaviourists, humanists felt humans have more control over their responses than to simply be a puppet to conditioning. These new thinkers focused on what it was to be human and the entire spectrum of human feeling. Qualitative Research and Idiographic Approach †¢The humanists believed that statistics and numbers told very little about the human experience and were, therefore, irrelevant as research. The only thing that mattered was so-called qualitative research, such as case studies, unstructured interviews and diary accounts. This also outlines an idiographic approach, or studying individuals. Only by experiencing what it means to be human can the researcher truly understand what a person is going through. Humanists believed in studying individuals in-depth to understand the human condition. The Self and Congruence †¢Humanists believed that the ultimate aim of human beings was to achieve a state of congruence. This is when the actual self is the same as the ideal self. They believed in the constant pursuit of self-knowledge and self-improvement to achieve this state. All people are thought to have inherent worth merely by being human. A person’s actions may be positive or negative, but that does not affect his worth. Holism †¢The person in humanism is studied as a whole. She is not looked at in separate parts but is looked at as an entire unit. The theories that came before the humanists focused on the unconscious mind or observable behavior  rather than on how a person thinks and feels. This theory was groundbreaking for focusing on what it means to be human rather than the scientific, laboratory data that other theories produced. Hierarchy of Needs †¢Abraham Maslow was one of the pioneers of the humanist movement. He developed a pathway of needs that people must meet in order to achieve self-actualization or congruence. It starts off with the need for physical things, such as air, food and water. The pyramid moves on to the need for safety, love and belonging, self-esteem and then knowledge. It ends with the pursuit of aesthetics and then self-actualization. This is where a person achieves his entire potential. This is a point not many people ever reach. Free Will †¢People who believe in free will believe that humans have the ability to choose how to live their lives free of any external forces making them chose. Humanists believe that all people have this ability and can exercise it at any time. Instead of believing that things such as behavioral conditioning or animalistic drives determine our choices, humanists believe that we naturally want to choose the positive path and will do so freely Theoretical Concepts Underlying Humanistic Theory The motivation for the development of humanism was a reaction against the idea of the human as a machine, towards a holistic and inherently optimistic view of people. The humanistic or â€Å"third force† perspective is based on the belief that the sources of personal distress lie in the conscious mind and result from experience (George Boeree 1998b). Maslow developed a theory of personal motivation based on the idea of a hierarchy of needs (Noel Sheehy 2004 p163, George Boeree 1998a). At the top of this hierarchy Maslow believed was the possibility of self-actualisation, but he saw it as a rare achievement reached by only a very few people, since in his theory all lower-level needs had to be met before self-actualisation could take place. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Rogers also believed in self-actualisation, but in contrast to Maslow, believed that it was a motivating force in all humans he saw babies as the  best examples of self-actualisation. This led to the core concept in humanistic theory the Actualising Tendency (Steve Vincent 1999). This is the tendency to thrive that is built-in to human beings. This tendency also implies that people are inherently good and healthy this is a given. The emphasis then in humanistic therapies is on the â€Å"potentiality model† of human development rather than the â€Å"deficiency model† of other therapies (Dave Mearns et al. 2000 p33). Rogers proposed that distress is a result of incongruence in the individual (George Boeree 1998b, Brian Thorne 2003 p31). The greater the incongruence, the greater the distress. Incongruity is the difference between the Real Self, which is the you that you can become as a result of self-actualisation, and the Ideal Self, which is the you created by external pressures such as society, family. Thus incongruence is like the tension in an elastic band attaching the two selves the greater the separation the greater the tension. A person has a basic need for Positive Regard. However, in society this is made conditional there are social attitudes that say you are only worthy if you conform. These Conditions of Worth combine with the in-built need for positive regard to create Conditional Positive Regard and this shapes the Ideal Self as something other than the Real Self conditions of worth push the ideal self away from the real self and generate incongruence. In time this force becomes internalised as Conditional Positive Self-Regard so the person generates their own incongruence. The aim of therapy is to achieve Congruence the situation where Real Self and Ideal Self match or at least decrease incongruence and therefore distress (Carl R. Rogers 1961 p279). This is achieved by building an unconditional sense of self-worth which then gets internalised as Unconditional Positive Self-Regard. In the therapeutic relationship, counsellor and client form a personal relationship rather than a power-based professional one and it is the quality of this relationship that is key to success. It is Rogers’ claim that there are just three Core Conditions which a therapist must achieve for therapy to be effective (Carl R. Rogers et al. 1967 p89). The first is that the counsellor must be Congruent that is, without a front or professional mask in the therapeutic relationship and that the counsellor must share this congruence with the client. Secondly, the counsellor must be Empathic towards the client, that is they experience the client’s internal world and can sh are this with the  client, but without losing the separation between the counsellor’s world and the client’s. Finally, the counsellor’s view of the client must be one of Unconditional Positive Regard, one of accepting and prizing the client as a whole, without reservations or judgements. There are other forms of humanistic therapy than the Rogerian person-centred approach. Probably the best known is Gestalt therapy, founded by Fritz Perls (Gary Yontef 1993, Frederick S. Perls 1957). This has much in common with Rogers’ theories in that it focuses on process rather than content, in which counsellor and client share their perception, with the intention of allowing the client to become aware of their internal process, how they are doing it and how they can change it. There is a strong emphasis on acceptance and self-valuing. One aspect of Gestalt theory that is not present in Rogerian theory is the idea of Unfinished Situations. The idea is that a person’s natural state is one of homeostasis. However, whenever something, such as an upsetting situation, happens to the person, that disturbs the balance. The normal outcome is that the person responds in such a way as to restore the balance or a different balance that accommodates a change. However, if the nat ural response is interrupted, for example by social pressures not to respond, the person stays out of balance. This is an unfinished situation and Gestalt therapy aims to finish this situation and restore balance again. Critically Examine the Humanistic Theory The humanistic theory has profoundly affected our society. It provided much of the impetus for a broad social movement of the 1960s and 1970s in which many people searched inward to find direction and meaning to their lives. It renewed the age-old debate about free will and determinism and focused attention on the need to understand the subjective or conscious experiences of individuals (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Rogers’s method of therapy, client-centered therapy, remains highly influential. And perhaps most important of all, humanistic theorists helped restore to psychology the concept of self that center of our conscious experience of being in the world. Yet the very strength of the humanistic viewpoint, its focus on conscious experience, is also its greatest weakness when approached as a scientific endeavor. Ultimately your conscious experience is known or knowable only to an audience of one you. Yet how can humanistic  psychologists ever be certain that they are measuri ng with any precision the private, subjective experience of another person? Humanistic psychologists might answer that we should do our best to study conscious experience scientifically, for to do less is to ignore the very subject matter human experience we endeavor to know. Indeed, they have been joined by cognitive psychologists in developing methods to study conscious experience, including rating scales and thought diaries that allow people to make public their private experiences to report their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes in systematic ways that can be measured reliably. Though verbal or written statements of private experiences are a step removed from consciousness itself, they provide a means that scientists can use to study people’s subjective experiences. Critics also contend that the humanistic approach’s emphasis on self fulfillment may lead some people to become self-indulgent and so absorbed with themselves that they develop a lack of concern for others. Even the concept of self-actualization poses challenges. For one thing, humanistic psychologists consider self-actualization to be a drive that motivates behavior toward higher purposes. Yet how do we know that this drive exists? If self-actualization means different thin gs to different people one person may become self-actualized by pursuing an interest in botany, another by becoming a skilled artisan how can we ever measure self-actualization in a standardized way? To this, humanistic psychologists might respond that because people are unique, we should not expect to apply the same standard to different people. Humanistic Theory Usefulness to Nursing Practice Nurses provide individual care recognizing the holistic needs of the patient. Nurses seek to understand the health needs of the people they work with but also to change their behaviours, thoughts and feelings to enhance the well-being of the person, not only at present moment but also for the future. At times nurses need to provide very basic care for the people they work with but they are always looking to develop the person’s ability to be more independent in any area of their life. Nurses can use psychological research and theories to enhance their nursing practice, and most nursing practice has a foundation in psychology, sociology or biology. Nursing now  has developed its own unique body of knowledge but other sciences can still enhance nurses’ understanding and practice. Applying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). The major contribution that Rogers added to nursing practice is the understandings that each client is a unique individual, so, person-centered approach is practice in nursing. Humanistic theory is especially compatible with nursing’s focus on caring and patient centeredness an orientation that is increasingly challenged by the emphasis in medicine and health care on science, technology, cost efficiency, for profit medicine, bureaucratic organization, and time pressures. Like the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic perspective is largely a motivational theory. From a humanistic perspective, motivation is derived from each person’s needs, sub jective feelings about the self, and the desire to grow. A positive self-concept, and open situations in which people respect individuality and promote freedom of choice. Maslow (1954, 1987), best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs which he says plays an important role in human motivation and nursing care. At the bottom of the hierarchy are physiological needs (food, warmth, sleep); then come safety needs; then the need for belonging and love; followed by self-esteem. At the top of the hierarchy are self-actualization needs (maximizing one’s potential). Additional considerations include cognitive needs (to know and understand) and, for some individuals, aesthetic needs (the desire for beauty). An assumption is that basic-level needs must be met before individuals can be concerned with learning and self actualizing. Thus, clients who are hungry, tired, and in pain will be motivated to get these biological needs met before being interested in learning about their medications, rules for self care, and health education. Beside s personal needs, humanists contend that self-concept and self-esteem are necessary considerations in any situation. The therapist Carl Rogers (1961, 1994) argued that what people want is unconditional positive self regard (the feeling of being loved without strings attached). It is essential that those in positions of authority  convey a fundamental respect for the people with whom they work. If a health professional is prejudiced against patients, then little will be healing or therapeutic in her relationship with them until she is genuinely able to feel respect for the patient as an individual. Rather than acting as an authority, say humanists, the role of any educator or leader is to be a facilitator (Rogers, 1994). Listening rather than talking is the skill needed. Because the uniqueness of the individual is fundamental to the humanistic perspective much of the learning experience requires a direct relationship. Safe clinical environments, where humanistic principles can be taught through caring, role modeling, small group discussion, case discussions, attention to self-awareness and feelings, role playing. Humanistic psychology contends that feeling. Humanistic principles have been a cornerstone of self-help groups, wellness programs, and palliative care. Humanistic theory has also been found to be well suited to working with children and young patients undergoing separation anxiety due to illness, surgery, and recovery (Holyoake,1998) and for working in the areas of mental health and palliative care (Barnard, Hollingum, & Hartfiel, 2006). Similar to psychodynamic theory, a principal emphasis is on the healing nature of the therapeutic relationship (Pearson, 2006) and the need for nursing students and health professionals to grow emotionally from their healthcare experiences (Block & Billings, 1998). Principles Derived From Humanistic Theory t o Improve Assess and Plan Care for Mentally Ill Client. Sometimes people understand psychosis or schizophrenia to be unrelenting, even with the intervention of psychotherapy. It is contended herein that therapy, and humanistic therapy in particular, can be helpful to the psychotic individual, but, perhaps, the therapist may have difficulty understanding how this approach can be applied to the problems of psychosis. Although it is a prevalent opinion in our society that schizophrenics are not responsive to psychotherapy, it is asserted herein that any therapist can relate in a psychotic individual, and, if therapy is unsuccessful, this  failure may stem from the therapist’s qualities instead of those of the psychotic individual. Carl Rogers created a theory and therapy indicated by the terms â€Å"umanistic theory† and â€Å"person-centered therapy†. This theoretical perspective postulates many important ideas, and several of these ideas are pertinent to this discussion. The first of these is the idea of â€Å"condi tions of worth†, and the idea of â€Å"the actualizing tendency.† Rogers asserts that our society applies to us â€Å"conditions of worth†. This means that we must behave in certain ways in order to receive rewards, and receipt of these rewards imply that we are worthy if we behave in ways that are acceptable. As an example, in our society, we are rewarded with money when we do work that is represented by employment. In terms of the life of a schizophrenic, these conditions of worth are that from which stigmatization proceeds. The psychotic individuals in our society, without intentionality, do not behave in ways that produce rewards. Perhaps some people believe that schizophrenics are parasites in relation to our society. This estimation of the worth of these individuals serves only to compound their suffering. The mentally ill and psychotic individuals, in particular, are destitute in social, personal and financial spheres. Carl Roger’s disapproved of conditions of worth, and, in fact, he believed that human beings and other organisms strive to fulfill their potential. This striving represents what Roger’ s termed â€Å"the actualizing tendency† and the â€Å"force of life.† This growth enhancing aspect of life motivates all life forms to develop fully their own potential. Rogers believed that mental illness reflects distortions of the actualizing tendency, based upon faulty conditions of worth. It is clear that psychotic people deal with negatively skewed conditions of worth. It is an evident reality that the mentally ill could more successfully exist in the world if stigmas were not applied to them. The mentally ill engage in self-denigration and self-laceration that culminate in the destruction of selfhood. This psychological violence toward the mentally ill is supported by non-mentally ill others. The type of self-abuse by psychotic individuals would certainly abate if the normative dismissal of the mentally ill as worthless is not perpetuated. In spite of a prevalent view that psychotic individuals are unsuccessful in the context of psychotherapy, Roger’s theory and therapy of compassion cannot be assumed to be unhelpful to the mentally ill. The key components of Rogers’ approach to  psychotherapy include unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness. Unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy and genuineness are considered to be qualities of the therapist enacted in relation to the client in terms of humanistic therapy. These qualities are essential to the process of humanistic therapy. In terms of these qualities, unconditional positive regard is a view of a person or client that is accepting and warm, no matter what that person in therapy reveals in terms of his or her emotional problems or experiences. This means that an individual in the context of humanistic psychotherapy, or in therapy with a humanistic psychologist or therapist, should expect the therapist to be accepting of whatever that individual reveals to the therapist. In this context, the therapist will be accepting and understanding regardless of what one tells the therapist. Accurate empathy is represented as understanding a client from that person’s own perspective. This means that the humanistic psychologist or therapist will be able to perceive you as you perceive yourself, and that he will feel sympathy for you on the basis of the knowledge of your reality. He will know you in terms of knowing your thoughts and feelings to ward yourself, and he will feel empathy and compassion for you based on that fact. . As another quality enacted by the humanistic therapist, genuineness is truthfulness in one’s presentation toward the client; it is integrity or a self-representation that is real. To be genuine with a client reflects qualities in a therapist that entail more than simply being a therapist. It has to do with being an authentic person with one’s client. Carl Rogers believed that, as a therapist, one could be authentic and deliberate simultaneously. This means that the therapist can be a â€Å"real† person, even while he is intentionally saying and doing what is required to help you. The goal of therapy from the humanistic orientation is to allow the client to achieve congruence in term of his real self and his ideal self. This means that what a person is and what he wants to be should become the same as therapy progresses. Self-esteem that is achieved in therapy will allow the client to elevate his sense of what he is, and self-esteem will also lessen his need to be better than what he is. Essentially, as the real self is more accepted by the client, and his raised self-esteem will allow him to be less than some kind of â€Å"ideal† self that he feels he is compelled to be. It is the qualities of unconditional positive  regard, accurate empathy and genuineness in the humanistic therapist that allow the therapist to assist the client in cultivating congruence between the real self and the ideal self from that cli ent’s perspective. What the schizophrenic experiences can be confusing. It is clear that most therapists, psychiatrists and clinicians cannot understand the perspectives of the chronically mentally ill. Perhaps if they could understand what it is to feel oneself to be in a solitary prison of one’s skin and a visceral isolation within one’s mind, with hallucinations clamoring, then the clinicians who treat mental illness would be able to better empathize with the mentally ill. The problem with clinicians’ empathy for the mentally ill is that the views of mentally ill people are remote and unthinkable to them. Perhaps the solitariness within the minds of schizophrenics is the most painful aspect of being schizophrenics, even while auditory hallucinations can form what seems to be a mental populace. Based upon standards that make them feel inadequate, the mentally ill respond to stigma by internalizing it. If the mentally ill person can achieve the goal of congruence between the real self and the ideal self, their expectations regarding who â€Å"they should be† may be reconciled with an acceptance of â€Å"who they are†. As they lower their high standards regarding who they should be, their acceptance of their real selves may follow naturally. Carl Rogers said, â€Å"As I accept myself as I am, only then can I change.† In humanistic therapy, the therapist can help even a schizophrenic accept who they are by reflecting acceptance of the psychotic individual. This may culminate in curativeness, although perhaps not a complete cure. However, when the schizophrenic becomes more able to accept who they are, they can then change. Social acceptance is crucial for coping with schizophrenia, and social acceptance leads to self-acceptance by the schizophrenic. The accepting therapist can be a key component in reducing the negative consequences of stigma as it has affected the mental ill patient client. This, then, relates to conditions of worth and the actualizing tendency. â€Å"Conditions of worth† affect the mentally ill more severely than other people. Simple acceptance and empathy by a clinician may be curative to some extent, even for the chronically mentally ill. If the schizophrenic individual is released from conditions of worth that are entailed by stigmatization, then perhaps the actualizing tendency would assert itself in them in a positive way, lacking distortion. In the tradition of person-centered therapy, the client is allowed to lead the conversation or the dialogue of the therapy sessions. This is ideal for the psychotic individual, provided he believes he is being heard by his therapist. Clearly, the therapist’s mind will have to stretch as they seek to understand the client’s subjective perspective. In terms of humanistic therapy, this theory would seem to apply to all individuals, as it is based upon the psychology of all human beings, each uniquely able to benefit from this approach by through the growth potential that is inherent in them. In terms of the amelioration of psychosis by means of this therapy, Rogers offers hope. Behavioral Treatment Modalities that Evolved from Humanistic Theory Treatment modalities can be simply defined as methods of treatment. These are ways in which a doctor or an allied health professional would go about treating a condition. The major behavioral treatments in Humanistic Theory are: Client-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers and his client-centered therapy provide a clear example of the humanistic focus on the therapeutic relationship. Rogers wrote extensively about the process of fostering a warm and genuine relationship between therapist and client. He particularly noted the importance of empathy, or emotional understanding. Empathy involves putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and conveying your understanding of that person’s feelings and perspectives. The client-centered therapist does not act as an â€Å"expert† who knows more about the client than the client knows about himself or herself. Rather, the therapeutic goal is to share honestly in another human’s experience. Rogers encouraged self-disclosure on the part of the therapist, intentionally revealing aspects of the therapist’s own, similar feelings and experiences as a way of helping the client. Rogers also felt that client-centered therapists must be able to demonstrate unconditional positive regard for their clients. Unconditional positive regard involves valuing clients for who they are and refraining from judging them. Because of this basic respect for the client’s humanity, client-centered therapists  avoid directing the therapeutic process. According to Rogers, if clients are successful in experiencing and accepting themselves, they will achieve their own resolution to their difficulties. Thus client-centered therapy is nondirective. Gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is a humanistic form of treatment developed by Perls. Perls viewed life as a series of figure-ground relationships. For example a picture is hanging on a wall. The picture is a figure and the wall is the back ground. For a healthy person current needs can be perceived clearly in that person’s life, just as figure can be perceived against a distinct ground (background).when current needs are satisfied, they fade into the ground and are replaced by new needs, which stand out in their turn and are equally recognizable. Perls believed that mental disorders represent disruptions in these figure-ground relationships. People who are unaware of their needs or unwilling to accept or express them are avoiding their real inner selves. They lack self awareness and self acceptance, they fear judgment of others. The technique of role playing that is to act out various roles assigned by the therapist. Therapies Identified in Humanistic Theory and their Therapeutic Benefits to the Client. The Benefits of Humanistic Therapy Applying Theories to Healthcare Practice allows growth in a positive way for both the client and the nurse. Spontaneity, the importance of emotions and feelings, the right of individuals to make their own choices, and human creativity are the cornerstones of a humanistic approach to learning (Rogers, 1994; Snowman & Biehler, 2006). During humanistic therapy sessions, patients are treated in a manner that emphasizes their innate goodness and potential. The humanistic therapist is encouraged to act in a manner consistent with the themes of unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness, and congruence. In an article on the website of the Association for Humanistic Psychology, humanistic psychologist Stan Charnofsky described the benefits of humanistic therapy in this manner: †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Humanistic therapy has  a crucial opportunity to lead our troubled culture back to its own healthy path. More than any other therapy, Humanistic-Existential therapy models democracy. It imposes upon the client least of all. Freedom to choose is maximized. We validate our clients’ human potential. Carl Rogers proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioral or psychodynamic psychologists. According to Carl Rogers he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone else’s interpretation of the situation. Rogers strongly believed that in order for a client’s condition to improve therapists should be warm, genuine and understanding. The starting point of the Rogerian approach to counseling and psychotherapy is best stated by Rogers (1986) himself. â€Å"It is that the individual has within himself or herself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes and self-directed behavior – and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided.† Rogers rejected the deterministic n ature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† (Gross, 1992) Believing strongly that theory should come out of practice, Rogers developed his theory based on his work with emotionally troubled people and claimed that we have a remarkable capacity for self-healing and personal growth leading towards self-actualization. He placed emphasis on the person’s current perception and how we live in the here-and-now. Theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. It consists of all the ideas and values that characterize ‘I’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what I am’ and ‘what I can do’. Consequently, the self concept is a central component of our total experience and influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. For instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident. The self-concept  does not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. For example, a person might be very interesting to others and yet consider himself to be boring. He judges and evaluates this image he has of himself as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self-esteem. The confident woman may have a high self-esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self-esteem, presuming that strength/confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. Person Centered Therapy Personal Centered Therapy or client centered therapy. The Rogerian client-centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. A person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. It is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. Rogers (1959) called his therapeutic approach client-centered or person-centered therapy because of the focus on the person’s subjective view of the world. Rogers regarded every one as a â€Å"potentially competent individual† who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. The purpose of Roger’s humanistic therapy is to increase a person’s feelings of self-worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. Client-centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client: 1. The therapist is congruent with the client. 2. The therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. The therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. Congruence in Counseling  Congruence is also called genuineness. Congruence is the most important attribute in counseling, according to Rogers. This means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank screen’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the Rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really are. The therapist does not have a faà §ade (like psychoanalysis), that is, the therapist’s internal and external experiences are one in the same. In short, the therapist is authentic. Unconditional Positive Regard The next Rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. Rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. This refers to the therapist’s deep and genuine caring for the client. The therapist may not approve of some of the client’s actions but the therapist does approve of the client. In short, the therapist needs an attitude of â€Å"I’ll accept you as you are.† The person-centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client’s actions. Empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. This refers to the therapist’s ability to understand sensitively and accurately [but not sympathetically] the client’s experience and feelings in the here-and-now. An important part of the task of the person-centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communica te to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling. In the words of Rogers (1975), accurate empathic understanding is as follows: â€Å"If I am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person†¦if I can take his or her world into mine, then I risk seeing life in his or her way†¦and of being changed myself, and we all resist change. Since we all resist change, we tend to view the other person’s world only in our terms, not in his or hers. Then we analyze and evaluate it. We do not understand their world. But, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another person’s world, without wanting or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and grow in that climate.† Because the person-centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. If they judged it appropriate, a person-centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox counseling techniques. As Mearns and Thorne (1988) point out, we cannot understand person-centered counseling by its techniques alone. The person-centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. The philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as â€Å"all about loving†.