Discuss whistle-blowing in nursing. (Please cover the pros and cons of Research Paper

Talk about whistle-blowing in nursing. (It would be ideal if you spread the advantages and disadvantages of whistle blowing and it's significance to nurture strengthening) - Research Paper Example Besides, a medical attendant may likewise go about as a wellbeing guide for the patients’ future prosperity. The American Nursing Association (ANA) states, â€Å"nursing is the insurance, advancement, and improvement of wellbeing and capacities, avoidance of disease and injury, easing of enduring the conclusion and treatment of human reaction, and promotion being taken care of by people, families, networks, and populations† (What is Nursing 2012). Notwithstanding the degree of info required, the prize for this calling for the most part appears as a harasser. Dominant part of the medical attendants face social evil presences at work, for example, segregation, over misuse and verbal or even now and again, physical maltreatment. Through a study led of 612 medical caretakers, 67.5% have, sooner or later or the other experienced wrong conduct their administrators. American Nursing Association has expressed that 56.9% have either been undermined or been manhandled verbally busy working. (Malcolm 2006; Spence, Leiter, Day, and Gilin 2009; ANA 2001). Whistle blowing is a phrasing utilized when a representative of an association who questions over illicit or deceptive practices that happens inside the business. Contingent on the idea of the administration style, whistle blowing can have its preferences at the same time, now and again very extreme repercussions. Numerous inside a firm should seriously mull over whistle blowing no not exactly a demonstration of foul play while for certain organizations or associations, whistle blowing is simply one more type of synergistic and aggregate plans to reduce expenses and improve proficiency from all territories of the firm. Empowering representatives from all degrees of pecking order to step up and contribute towards the advancement of the foundation, by and large. Be that as it may, actuality is, such a disposition is uncommon to be found. News reports and studies speak to unmistakably that human services organizations are not for such a movement and view whistle blowing as negative anal ysis that decreases its open picture. Medical caretaker experts have endured the most, socially and

Na Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Na - Essay Example At the point when the tales start, the general impression a peruser gets is that the ladies were committed to their spouses. For example, in the Yellow Wallpaper, the hero in alluding to her better half states, â€Å"He is extremely cautious and adoring and scarcely lets me mix without extraordinary direction.†(Gilman) For the situation of â€Å"The Hour†, Mrs. Maillard at first shows up heart broken at the updates on her husband’s demise †â€Å"she sobbed on the double, with abrupt wild surrender, in her sister’s arms.† (Chopin). Be that as it may, as the tales progress, this general impression is gave a false representation of. The hero in â€Å"The Yellow Wall Paper† displays an inconspicuous discontent with her significant other John; he snickers at her and the creator satirically comments â€Å"one expects that in marriage.†(Gilman). In addition, regardless of being a doctor, he doesn't accept she is wiped out, he has not let her take the room down the stairs with roses; rather he has limited her in a live with terrible yellow backdrop. It is additionally obvious that the creator feels regretful about these unobtrusive, hidden sentiments of outrage and hatred against her better half and would not be slanted to voice them out loud to anybody. She reprimands him for the way that she is debilitated and feels defenseless in light of the fact that regardless of being a doctor, he has portrayed her sickness as an insignificant apprehensive despondency and his statement is law. She concedes, â€Å"I get preposterously irate with John once in a while I’m sure I never used to be so sensitive .† This uncovers she knows about fundamental sentiments of hatred, yet attempts to cover it as a terrible symptom of her disease. As a lady, she is relied upon to be accommodating and consign herself to home and hearth, living in dutifulness to her husband’s will and as the story advances, her displeasure against her significant other turns out to be increasingly clear. In â€Å"the Hour† the hero has been living for such a long time in the condition of bondage to her husband’s territory that she consequently

Whats an Arms Length Transaction

Whats an Arm’s Length Transaction In business, many transactions take place every day. As a business owner, the transactions you undertake are always meant to benefit you.If you operate a retail chain, you will have to engage and buy goods from various suppliers.Both you and them will have different terms which need to be acceptable to each other for the business deal to take place.Your business terms may include the freshness and quality of the products supplied. They may also mention things like returns, discounts, quantities, deliveries etc.Your supplier’s terms may talk about your credit period, returns, food storage in your outlets etc.The important things considered by both you and him will form part of the agreement.Why is it so?Because everyone is looking out for his best interests.You want to ensure you get the best deal out of transacting with every supplier. Your supplier on the other hand wants to ensure he gets the best deal out of you as his customer.Transactions based on this kind of a situation are the ones referred to as arm’s length transactions.Therefore, an arm’s length transaction is one in which the transacting parties are unrelated and are working for their own best interests.This however does not mean that you stop thinking of the other party.As a business, your intention should always be to take care of your customers’ interests.And in an arm’s length transaction, you do this while ensuring your business does not suffer.FACTORS DETERMINING AN ARMS LENGTH TRANSACTIONArm’s length transaction are the most common in business setups. But for a transaction to be classified as such, there are two elements which have to be in place. These are:1. The parties must be unrelated â€" since business transactions take different forms, an arm’s length transaction is defined primarily by the kind of relationship between the parties involved.Basically, the only relationship that stands to guarantee such a transaction is one between unrelated persons.Being unrelated provides the perfect environment to ensure everyone acts in their personal interests. For example, a buyer’s bargaining power wants the lowest prices possible. You will pursue this through leveraging whatever strengths you have.On the other hand, a supplier’s bargaining power wants the highest price for his goods. Also, he would prefer that you paid him immediately he delivers. This ensures his cash flow is good in order to facilitate business operations and growth.Even if there are discounts being discussed, the final agreement will certainly be favorable to both you and the supplier.As the supplier thinks about his cash flow, you will also be protecting your own.2. There should be no pressure or duress involved â€" a business transaction should ideally be done out of willingness. This is the philosophy of willing buyer, willing seller which is expected and accepted everywhere. In the absence of willingness, there is coercion at work.Whenever there is coercion involved in a business tr ansaction, the prices are never fair. And if the prices are fair, then something else is wrong.It could be the quality of work or any other aspect of the transaction. The one coercing will benefit at the direct expense of the other.In some instances, this kind of transaction can also be labeled criminal depending on the kind of damages suffered. The transaction agreement can also be canceled under law.Arm’s Length in the Real EstateThe arm’s length philosophy can be applied in every business transaction.The real estate industry is however the one which often sees this at work, especially in regards to public knowledge.This may be because the real estate sector often comes under scrutiny when home sales are done.Every agent wants to sell at the highest price while every buyer, or his negotiator, wants the lowest price. Since there are many other parties who will be involved behind the scenes, care must be taken to ensure the deal is an arm’s length.In a home sale, apart from th e actual buyer and seller, other parties involved include the lender and the local government. The lender wants to be sure that the mortgage is the right value and has been given to a legitimate customer.Local governments want to ensure that the price is right for the purposes of tax collection.The lender is also interested in the deal as he will be filing for taxes based on the amount given.In the unfortunate event that the transaction proves to have been a fraud, the lender will be counting losses. ARM’S LENGTH VS. ARM-IN-ARM TRANSACTIONSAs you would expect, not all business transactions are arm’s length.Even if these are the type preferred, some transactions simply cannot be arm’s length.Such are those between relatives. It could be a transaction between a father and son, aunt and nephew, grandpa and daughter etc.A transaction of this kind is called arm-in-arm.This is symbolic of the close relationship between the parties involved.In essence, an arm-in-arm transaction is no thing but the opposite of an arm’s length transaction. Whereas an   arm’s length transaction works with unrelated parties, an arm-in-arm transaction happens between related parties.This means that the scales will likely be tipped in favor of one party. This however, in most cases, will not be out of criminal intent.The love in the relationship will make this transaction more of a case of giving out of goodwill.Tax Considerations in Arm-in-Arm TransactionsWhenever money changes hands, there is bound to be a tax obligation.Since both parties involved in an arm’s length will be paying taxes, it is important to ensure the transaction paints the correct picture of the nature of the deal.In some cases, arm-in-arm deals may be attempted to be passed as arm’s length transactions.This may be taken to be criminal by the authorities. In an arm-in-arm deal, you may be required to pay taxes of an amount similar to what you would have made had you transacted with a stranger.To avoid penal ties from the IRS, you will have to put in efforts to guarantee an arm’s length transaction.How do you avoid these issues in a family transaction?This is discussed further down in the article. Read about it in the section about arm’s length transactions in a family business.Business Deals Between SubsidiariesThe tax situation in different business entities differ. The normal buyer/seller situation may not necessarily be realistic in subsidiaries.This is because they all have a similar interest: the growth of the conglomerate.What happens when a subsidiary wants to do business with another subsidiary in the same conglomerate?This is the kind of situation family members find themselves in.As much as the individual companies are interested in the best outcome for the other party, they cannot afford to transact in methods contrary to arm’s length.This becomes more necessary when the companies are operating in different countries. This is a common situation in conglomerates as they are often multi-national.But it is not just the business that is involved in cross-country business relations. The country of operation is involved too.The tax agencies in those countries have to collect tax on the business dealings entered into by the companies operating within their jurisdictions.This is why implementing an arm’s length policy between subsidiaries is important.Without it, the companies may be accused of using tactics meant to facilitate tax evasion.This can be a very costly problem for the company to deal with. If such allegations are confirmed, huge penalties will follow.The business might even be required to shut down.LENDERS AND ARM’S LENGTH TRANSACTIONSAs noted, the real estate sector is the one which receives most attention when it comes to arm’s length transactions.As we have seen, a home purchase rarely involves only the seller and buyer.Of the involved parties, one stands to lose a lot if the transaction is not an arm’s length. This party is the l ender.When banks issue mortgages, they expect the recipients to swear nothing but the truth. This helps them make the right decision in terms of the amount of money to be given, the terms and the taxes payable.Banks have been the victims of fraud in many instances as people collude to make away with lots of money at the bank’s expense.To prevent this, banks put in measures to safeguard themselves. There are two main benefits for the bank when the deal is an arm’s length.1. Lower fraud risk caused by collusion â€" there have been reported instances of bank fraud when employees collude with people on the outside to commit crime. These crimes range from robbery of customers when leaving the bank after a big withdrawal to credit card fraud.Where fraud exists, money is lost. When money is lost, profits reduce. And when profits reduce too much, losses may follow. If losses are experienced, investor confidence wanes.No business will wants this as part of their story.In the real estate scenario, a collusion may happen between a bank employee and an agent purporting to sell a home.The agent may overvalue the property and advise the potential buyer to take the mortgage plan available from bank X.The mortgage officer will approve the application and once the seller has the payment, he disappears. The buyer has no home to move into and the one who received the payment is nowhere to be found.Upon doing an independent probe into the agreement, the bank finds out that the indicated location cannot even have a home of the value stated.But because the buyer wasn’t knowledgeable enough, he got duped. And because there was collusion, the bank also suffered.2. Increased transparency â€" arm’s length transactions are characterized by transparency. Since no-one is trying to hide anything as it often happens in arm-in-arm transaction, the bank can easily determine the amount of money to provide as a loan.This is good for the bank as it provides them with security for their b usiness.Banks need to be sure of who they are dealing with. When there is more transparency, the bank is also assured of their projected earnings. They know that out of the money lent, they will be making a profit.In transactions between relatives, banks will typically be more keen to ensure all is well.Another important role played by increased transparency is protection against money laundering. In the money laundering world, criminals seek to transact through banks so as to “clean up” the money. When the industry regulator finds out that a certain bank has been used in such a way, the bank will have some questions to answer.More than that, news about a bank’s involvement in money laundering paints the bank in bad light.Determining Fair Market ValueTransactions labeled arm’s length have one characteristic: they aim at sealing the deal based on the fair market value of the product being sold.How do you know whether your transaction is in line with the fair market value?Fair market value is determined by the process the transacting parties go through. Assuming that a factor like bargaining power are constant, then the fair market value is simply the amount agreed upon.Another big assumption here is that both parties are able to carry out their own research to find out the prevailing value of the product being sold. If it’s a house, the buyer will not just rely on the information given by the seller.He will check the house out, ask as many questions as possible then do his own personal research.The personal research may include things like visiting the neighborhood to find out home prices.It may also include checking with an independent valuer to know the average price to be paid for the home.If these factors stand uncompromised, then automatically, the price agreed upon by the seller and buyer will be a true fair market value.ARM’S LENGTH IN FAMILY BUSINESSFamily businesses are unique in many ways. Some of the challenges facing them are also unique .This is why not many manage to break through and make it as big as other businesses.Still, there are a few family businesses which have succeeded and become big.When it comes to transacting between family-owned businesses, e.g. one owned by parents and another owned by the children, it takes more effort to guarantee an arm’s length environment.The same applies to transactions which may not necessarily be about business.For example, your dad could offer to sell you his car. Keep in mind that there are taxes involved and the best thing would be to avoid unnecessary scrutiny from the IRS.To stay on top of things, the below are the steps to take.Get an Independent Appraisal of the Property/ProductYour dad could tell you that his car’s value is $8,000. Whether true or not, an arm’s length transaction can only be proven by having an independent person carrying out the appraisal.The appraisal will provide all the information needed for the transaction.With an independent appraisal, there is still a challenge to be overcome. This is the challenge of sticking with the appraisal.A common problem which occurs in family transactions is the tendency to put the appraisal aside and proceed in their own terms.When getting an independent assessment of the car to be purchased, you are safeguarding yourself. An outsider doing the assessment will be objective and fair, not leaning towards either side.If ever called upon to shine light in the situation, you would be able to prove that the value stated was determined by an independent expert.In getting an independent appraisal, ensure you stick to it.Hire Independent NegotiatorsGetting an independent appraisal is not the only things to be done. You should also hire negotiators and give them all the necessary information they may need so as to push for the best deal.In the example of your dad’s car, he should get a negotiator as you do the same. These negotiators are the ones to carry out the sale if they both agree with th e terms set forth.If you two are to be in the presence of the negotiators, it would be good to keep silent and only listen.You can add a comment as the negotiations take place but do not engage with your dad on the sides about the deal which is yet to be finalized.Have the Purchase/Sale Agreement in WritingAfter all the work involved in ensuring you perform an arm’s length transaction, keep the records of the deal in writing.   Do not make decisions using verbal agreements. Keep all the receipts, delivery notes, appraisal and any other related document. Both parties should have their own copies of these.Having everything in writing indicates truth and finality. This is why most businesses will never engage without some form of documentation.One simple but powerful enough form of documentation is emails. If you have had some business communication via email, ensure these are preserved.In today’s technology-driven world, you could also back them up in the cloud and only access the m if needed.Provide Independent Verification that the Transaction is Arm’s LengthIt can be a good idea to have a witness to the transaction who will attest to the fact that the transaction was arm’s length.This witness may be what you will need to prove to the authorities that the transaction was above board.When doing this, make sure you choose the right person for the role.A transaction   witness should never be your relative. A relative cannot be a trusted witness since he is inclined to speak in favor of the transaction.Write an AffidavitThe last thing you can consider doing is writing an affidavit.An affidavit is a document written to swear the truth about something. It is often written and commissioned by an attorney.This may cost you some money depending on how much the attorney will charge.The cost aside, an affidavit is a document which can be admitted in a court of law. Just note that you should never lie in an affidavit.Doing so is considered criminal as you are basic ally bearing false witness, even in a court of law.CONCLUSIONWhenever you have some transactions to carry out, ensure you make it arm’s length.Not only will you enjoy better prices or whatever other benefit you stand to gain, but will also avoid investigations by the IRS.

Kung! Essay example - 864 Words

1. Ernestine Friedl says that the position of women is higher the more they are involved in (l) primary subsistence (as owners or controllers, NOT merely as laborers) and (2) the PUBLIC distribution of the product of subsistence. Use this argument to account for the position of women in Kung society. Make sure you use both part (l) and part (2) of Friedl’s argument. (Do not worry that Friedl’s argument is simplistic; she is not trying to say that women’s role in subsistence is the ONLY factor that affects their position in society.) Friedl states that the position of women is higher the more they are involved in primary subsistence, and the public distribution of that subsistence. I think this classes Kung! Women pretty†¦show more content†¦Yes, women take young children with them when they gather, but when it comes to carrying them around, men and women both tend to do it, until the children are weaned of this. A good example of equality, is how the men make sure to help the women wean the child, say when Nisa wants to keep drinking breast milk, the father pulls her off and threatens to hit her saying â€Å"cant you see how swollen your mother is?† (47). Though, on the other hand, the men can have multiple wives while women can not. Though, the women can â€Å"chase† off the other wives, as nisa did. (121). I personally agree with the idea that Kung men have a higher status and power in society. Men, can get away with much more, and do have the power to hit their wives in fights (they see m, at least from the book to be the ones to strike first). Women, often fight back, but they rarely start the hitting. Additionally, the fact that men can have multiple wives, and it may not be considered cheating, shows me that Kung! Men have more power. What effect has modernization had on gender roles and gender relations among the Kung? What do you foresee for the future? The Kung!s way of life is shown to be threatened in this book. Tswana and Herero villages started to encompass more of the Kung!s water holes, the Kung! Way of life has become threatened (194). If you cannot get water in the harsh desert, you cannot survive. To survive, you have to either work to take handouts, or you must work for theShow MoreRelatedKung Fu Panda2001 Words   |  9 PagesKung Fu Panda is an animated family, comedy, action-adventure film directed by Mark Osbourne and John Stevenson. Released in 2008, it stars Jack Black as the voice of the protagonist, Po, an enormous but lovable panda. Before Po’s journey, Po is a very different panda than the one we admire by the end. Lazy, socially awkward, and ridiculed for his size, he often breaks plates and sleeps in while working as a waiter at his father’s restaurant in the Valley of Peace. Knowing he doesn’t fit in, Po indulgesRead MoreKung Fu Panda Essay2277 Words   |  10 PagesKung Fu Panda textua l analysis Kung fu panda is set in the Valley of Peace, where the people of the valley are threatened by the late arrival of the evil snow leopard, Tai Lung. An ancient prophecy states that a hero, also known as ‘the chosen one’ will appear out of nowhere to save the people in the valley, and the masters of martial arts have devised a competition in order to find this individual. However it is assumed that the chosen one will be a member of the Furious Five-the level-headedRead MoreTelevision And Behavior : Kung Fu Panda1206 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher Gletton 08/07/2015 POLS2301 22-9:45 Assignment #3 Television and Behavior Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy martial arts film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures. 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Evaluation Of The Minnesota Model - 1375 Words

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Introduction The Minnesota Model The Minnesota Model is primarily an inpatient treatment program similar to the 12-step model of Alcoholics Anonymous. Teams of professional therapists create individualized treatment programs lasting around a month to treat chemical dependencies and promote lifelong abstinence from drugs that clients are dependent on. It can also be an outpatient treatment in the form of self-help groups, where recovering addicts meet multiple times a week to evaluate and discuss their issues with dependency or relapse. Therapeutic CommunitiesShow MoreRelatedInternship Experience1347 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Management Internship Experience Labovitz School of Business and Economics University of Minnesota Duluth Description of the Program The purpose of the internship program is to provide juniors and seniors with an opportunity to enhance and apply what they learn in their academic program while working in a health service organization. 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This wide open programing among sites makes it difficult for the LTR director to gauge the effectiveness of AmeriCorps members and to provide a true evaluation of overall program success (M. Parnell, personal communication, September 26, 2016). The LRT Oklahoma AmeriCorps program served students in k-3rd grade with varying site program designs. LTR served a significant portion, geographically, of

America Outsourcing Free Essays

Outsourcing has been a subject of debate in the world’s developed countries with questions on whether it should be regulated. This follows the effect that outsourcing has had on the economies of host countries. Top in the agenda is the loss of jobs to outsourcing which has led to income inequality and joblessness in the host countries. We will write a custom essay sample on America Outsourcing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benefits of outsourcing however remain significant in these economies earning large amounts of revenue. To illustrate this facts, the case of General Electric will be used to analyze the role that outsourcing has played in the U. S economy. Impact of outsourcing on GE and their decision to have multiple outsourcing partnerships. General Electric (GE) has placed strong emphasis on expanding their business to international markets through outsourcing which has not only provided the company with huge revenues but also given it a strong command as the biggest company in the world by market specialization in 2004. Its international presence which has proved to be very powerful has given GE a competitive edge over other companies in the U.S which have not outsourced as expansively as it has. GE has benefited from the advantage of cheap human capital available to it in Asia, Mexico, India, China and other countries in which it ventured into. GE which specializes mainly in financial services, medical equipments, jet engines, plastic manufacture among others cannot at one time regret the decision to outsource to these countries as a result of the gains they have obtained. In India for example, the GE benefited from the large group of educated English speaking locals who provided inexpensive labor for the company. It is estimated that with two to four years experience a computer programmer in the US earned $62,000 while the same person earned $10,000 only in India. These reduced costs have fostered savings for the company giving it room to expand its activities even more. GE now boasts of its presence in over one hundred countries. Of the total revenue that GE earned in 2003, 45% came from the international markets which goes on to show that outsourcing has had a positive impact on the company. The company apart from benefiting in cheap labor imported materials from its home country, processed it in the subsidiaries and then sent it back to the country. The effect of this is that the production costs were reduced and the products were sold t the same price. The foreign countries also provided market for the products as well as supply of cheap and available materials. The decision for GE to have multiple outsourcing partnerships can mostly be attributed to the gains in cost cutting it was bound to benefit from such kind of arrangements. Consider that GE earns 45% of its revenue from foreign subsidiaries. This is the major reason for GE to continue outsourcing to maintain a significant flow in its revenues. As stated earlier, GE stands to obtain numerous advantages from investing in the foreign countries through outsourcing. It comes in as the nature of business to take advantage of available resources and making the maximum use of them to obtain maximum benefits. GE through outsourcing has established international partnership and it stands to gain a lot in terms of profits and reduction of costs. In the case of Mexico, the government provided for duty free import of raw materials, testing equipment, telecommunication equipments, tools and machinery. This was aimed at increasing foreign direct investment of the country which would in turn benefit from the improvement in infrastructure ad an increased job market for its citizens Warden, S. (2002: 124-133). GE was hardly affected by the income tax law which also provided for refunds on money used to export products by GE from Mexico to U.S (Vietor, 2007: 4). As a result of the huge savings made, the company advanced at a high rate establishing many plants in Mexico producing electronic motors, capacitors and lighting devices. How to cite America Outsourcing, Papers

Classical and Operant Conditioning free essay sample

How do the ideas of Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning explain why someone might misuse drugs? How can these theories be applied to the treatment of substance misuse? (1500 words) Learning (conditioning) is the process that eventually leads to relative permanent change in behavior or training. Some things are innate we are born with the knowledge  but  others must be acquired actively. Thus, it is ‘an adaptive process in which the tendency to perform a particular behaviour is changed by experience. With the change of circumstances, new behaviours are learned and old ones are eradicated. Peterson McBridge (2005) believe that unlike biological theories that emphasise on the physical structure and the brain, psychological theories associate behaviour to processes that occur within the person’s mind. In his research, McMurran (1994) highlights six such behavioral theories that indicate relevance to substance misuse and dependency, two out of which are Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. He rang the bell then immediately followed it by a second stimulus know to produce salivation, such as a dried meat powder that was placed directly in the dogs mouth. The meat powder is considered to be the unconditioned stimulus or UCS, because the ability to salivate was automatic and not learned. On the flipside the salivation of the dog to the meat powder is the unconditioned response or UCR. The bell now is termed the conditioned stimulus or CS because the ability for it to elicit saliva from the dog is dependent on being paired with the meat powder. Salvation in response to just the bell is called the conditioned response or CR. He found that if you ring the bell then give the god the meat powder soon or later the dog will start to salivate just to the ring of the bell without the meat powder even present. Extinction is the process in which you lose the ability to evoke conditioned response when it no longer is followed by a unconditioned stimulus. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, extinction could occur if Pavlov kept ringing the bell and not following it up with the meat powder. This means the dog no longer salivates in response to the bell. If Pavlov keeps ringing the bell sometimes the dog might remember about the meat powder and salivate even though no meat powder is present. This is called reconditioning. This means the rapid recovery of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS)- unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairing. Let’s say Pavlov stops working with the dogs for several weeks because he is working on other research, then suddenly goes back to the dogs and rings the bell, the dogs should in theory then salivate due to a process called spontaneous recovery. This is the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after an interval of time following extinction. If Pavlov was cooking something and the timer goes off making a ringing sound, the dogs most likely would salivate because of a process called stimulus generalization, or the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke conditioned responses (CR). Through the process of stimulus discrimination, or the process by which organisms learn to respond to certain stimuli but not to others, the dogs will salivate to the ring of a bell but if the door bell rand they would not salivate because they discriminate and can tell the difference between the bell and the door bell. Psychology. about. com says that classical conditioning is used in everyday life by many dog trainers helping to train people’s pets. Some techniques are also helpful in the treatment of many phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers can apply classical conditioning in the classroom by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear especially with classroom speeches. It helps to get the student relaxed instead of anxious. Operant conditioning is a process through which organisms learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes. In operant conditioning it is broken down into reinforcements and punishments. In the reinforcement part there are two reinforcers, positive and negative. A positive reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses, and a negative reinforcement is a stimulus that strengthens responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape from their presence. An example of a positive reinforcement is when I brought home my report card in 6th grade and there were all A’s my mom and dad gave me 5 dollars for every A. The target behavior for that example would be the getting A’s and the positive reinforcement would be my parents giving me 5 dollars an A. An example of a negative reinforcement would be on a cold and dark morning your all snug and warm under your covers, and suddenly your alarm clack goes off across the room. Getting out of the warm bed is the last thing you want to do but the noise is intolerable. The target behavior is turning off the alarm, and the negative reinforcement is getting out of the warm bed in order to turn off the annoying alarm clock. The punishment section of operant conditioning is broken in half just about the same way. There is negative and positive punishment. In negative punishment, the rate if a behavior is weakened or decreased because the behavior is linked to the loss of potential reinforcements. An example of a negative punishment is in a kindergarten class a young boy lashes out and hits the teacher in the stomach with a pencil as he throws it. The teacher sentences him to 10 minutes in the time out corner. The target behavior is the lashing out and throwing the pencil. The negative punishment is the 10 minutes of isolation in the corner. In positive punishment, stimuli weaken responses that precede them. For example you are driving home from work at an excessive speed, About 25 mile per hour over the speed limit. As you go over the little hill you see a state trooper parked on the side of the highway with his radar gun pointed right at you. The next thing you know is the flashing lights are right behind you and pulling you over. You get a pretty hefty ticket for your speeding. After you pay your fine you always obey the speed limit signs. The target behavior in this example is the speeding and the positive punishment is the speeding ticket you receive for speeding. B. F. Skinner is known as the father of operant conditioning. He invented a box called the Skinner box where a rat is trapped inside with a lever. Every time the rat presses the lever it receives a food pellet. Shaping might have to be used in order to get the rat to press the lever. Shaping is a technique in which closer and closer approximations to desired behavior are required for the delivery of positive reinforcement. Basically this means Skinner might have had to shock the rat’s feet when the rat started going the wrong way. That way it will remember to not go that way. When it finally presses the lever the food pellet drops and it works as a positive reinforcement because if the rat got a food pellet from pressing the lever maybe he will do in again and remember that whenever you press the lever you get rewarded with a food pellet. There are many different schedules of reinforcement you can follow. A schedule of reinforcement is rules determining when and how reinforcements will be delivered. A continuous reinforcement schedule is a schedule in which every occurrence of a particular behavior is reinforced. A fixed interval schedule is a schedule of reinforcement in which a specific interval of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. There is also variable-interval schedule which is a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse before a response will yield reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule occurs only after a fixed number of responses have been emitted.